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??? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? : Peace of Westphalia ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? (??????????: Osnabruck) (????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???) ? ?????? (??????????: Munster) ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? 15 ???? ??? 1648? ?24 ?????? 1648? ??????? ??????? ????????? . ^[1]^[2]^[2] ???? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? (????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????)? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? (?? ????? ?????? ). ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? (37-1657?) (?? ??? ???????? )? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? .

????? ??? ????????" ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? . ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? 1659? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??"???? ????????".

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↑ Yueh, Linda. "America's place in a multi-polar world" . BBC.
↑ ^? ^? "Principles of the State System" . Faculty.unlv.edu . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored ( help )

[1] Yueh, Linda. "America's place in a multi-polar world" . BBC.

[مولد_تلقائيا1-2] ? ^? "Principles of the State System" . Faculty.unlv.edu . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored ( help )

[1]

[2]