????? ??????

????? ??????
????? ??????
( ?????????? : University of Glasgow )
?????	??????? ???????
???????
???????	7 ????? 1451
?????? ????????
????????	55°52′20″N 4°17′17″W ? / ? 55.872222222222°N 4.2880555555556°W
??????	???? ????? (2017?)
???????
?????	?????? ???? ???????? ; ORCID (?????? 2023)
??????	?????? ??????
	?????

????? ?????? (University of Glasgow) ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????. ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? .

?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? 1451 ? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????.

????? ?????? ???????????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? 100 ????.

???????? [ ????? ]

???? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? 120 ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????. ^[5]

????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ]

?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 1451 ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ^[6] ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????.

????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ( ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? 1410 )? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????????.

?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????.

????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ???????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????.

???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.

?????? ??? ???????? [ ????? ]

www.gla.ac.uk

????? [ ????? ]

↑ ???????: ????? ???? ? Lars Bjørnshauge
↑ http://russellgroup.ac.uk/about/our-universities/
↑ https://orcid.org/members/001G000001C8dNXIAZ-university-of-glasgow
↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20231020113811/https://orcid.org/members ? ????? ???????: 20 ?????? 2023
↑ "??????? ????? ????? - ??? ?????? ????? - ???? ???????? ????????" . Archived from the original on 2016-03-04 . Retrieved 2016-12-21 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |URL ???????= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |????? ???????= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |????? ???????= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |???? ???????= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |???? ???????= ignored ( help )
↑ University of Glasgow - Who, Where and When , retrieved 22nd April 2006

[cfd697a99ce1b4308e5c6bc8c44ce885d5ecf865-1] ???????: ????? ???? ? Lars Bjørnshauge

[cd6c5c31248fc859652fb1bf5f5dac3bc5c12863-2] ttp://russellgroup.ac.uk/about/our-universities/

[0361469852a758c5c73aa32fcb189bedd7f3ecc6-3] ttps://orcid.org/members/001G000001C8dNXIAZ-university-of-glasgow

[47247e489795e264316400859fb047e1efb2f9c5-4] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20231020113811/https://orcid.org/members ? ????? ???????: 20 ?????? 2023

[arabsgate-5] "??????? ????? ????? - ??? ?????? ????? - ???? ???????? ????????" . Archived from the original on 2016-03-04 . Retrieved 2016-12-21 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |URL ???????= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |????? ???????= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |????? ???????= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |???? ???????= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |???? ???????= ignored ( help )

[6] University of Glasgow - Who, Where and When , retrieved 22nd April 2006

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]