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بيتكوين
??????? ????
????? ? ????? 3 ????? 2009
???? ?
???? BTC ? XBT
????? ? ???? ? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ? ???? ? BitBay ? GDAX ? KuCoin Exchange
???? ???? ?????? ????????
?????????? ????? ????? ? SHA-256 ? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? Schnorr digital signature scheme ? secp256k1
???? ???? 67778 ????? ????????
?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ???? ? Bitcoin Private
????? ????? https://bitcoin.org/



???????? (? ??????? Bitcoin ? ???? ????? ? ? ????? ????? BTC ??? XBT ) ? ????? ?"????????????" ? ???? "????????????". ? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ????? ? ???????? ? 2008. [1] ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? (???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ????). ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ? 2009? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ? ???? ? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ? ?? ????? ???? 67,778 ????? ???????? ? ? 9 ????? 2021. [2]

???????? ?????????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? . ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? (??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????). ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????????? ? ??? ???? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ???? ? 2014. [3] [4]

?????? [ ??? | ??? ???? ]

????? ? ????? ? ???????? ??? ????

??????? (2008 ??? 2011) [ ??? | ??? ???? ]

??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ? ???? ????????? ? ????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ? 1983? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ?????? (???? ?????) ??? ????? ???????. [5] ? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ? ????? ? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ? ???????? . ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? (?????) ? ??????????? ? ????????.

?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ? 1998? [6] ? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ???? ???? ? 2005. ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? . [5]

? 18 ??? 2008? ????? ?????? ???? bitcoin.org. ? ? 31 ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ? ??????? ???? ????????????? ? ? ????? Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System (???????: ?????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ??? ????????? )? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???????? . [7] ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ???? ????? ? ????? 2009? ? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? 2011 ? ?????? ???. ????? ????? ? ?? ????? ?????????. ????? ? ??????? ???? ???????????? ? ????? ? ???? ?????? ? ?????? 2021 ??? ??? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ? ???????. [7]

? 3 ????? 2009? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? . ? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks (?????? ? ????? 03 ????? 2009? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ? ???? ?????). ??? ????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ? ????? ? ? ???????? ?? ????? (????? ? ????) ? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ? ???? ???????. [8]

??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ? 12 ????? 2009? ?? ??? ???????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ???????? ? 2004. ???????? ??? ???? 10 ??????? ? ???? . ?????? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????. [9] ??? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ? 22 ??? 2010? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ? 10000 ???????. [10]

???????? ? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ? ???. [11] ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ? ????? ??????? . ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ? ???????? . ??????? ???? ????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ? 4 ? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ????? ???. [12]

??????? [ ??? | ??? ???? ]

????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ? ??? ??????

?????? [ ??? | ??? ???? ]

???? ? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? Mining. ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? (??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???). ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? 4 ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ????? ???? ???. ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? 21 ?????? ? ???? ????? ??? ? ??? 2140 ??? ???? ?????.

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???? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ? ?????????? ? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ?????. [13]

???????? ?? ??????? [ ??? | ??? ???? ]

???????? ??? ? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ??????? ??++ ? ? ??? ? ??????? ? ????? 2009 ? ???? ?????? ? ????? ? ?? ?? ?? . [14] ??? ???????? ??? ???????????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ???????. ???????? ??? ? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ? ???????. ???????? ??? ??? ? ???? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? . [15] ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? Satoshi Client .

????? ? ???????? ?? ???? [ ??? | ??? ???? ]

???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? (??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??????) ? ?????? ????????? ????? ? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ? ?????? 2020 ???? ???? ???? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ????? ???????. [16] ? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????????? ? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????. [16]

??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ????? 2021? ????????? ? ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ? ????? (? ???????? ????????? ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ? ??????). [17]

? 4 ??? 2021? ???? ???????????? ? ??? ???? ? ???????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ???? ??? ????? . ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ???????? . ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????. [18]

? 5 ??? 2021? ????? ???? ????????? ? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ????? . [19]

?????? ???????? [ ??? | ??? ???? ]

? ?????? [ ??? | ??? ???? ]

???????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? 2017 ??? "???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ? ?????" ? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ?????? ? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ???? ? ???? ? ??????. [20] ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ? ???????? ? ??????? ???? ???????? Local Bitcoins ????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ????? ? ? 36 ? ?????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ? 2018. [21] ? ?? ????? ? 2021 ?????? ?????? 900?000 ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? 2?4% ? ????? ? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ???? 6 ? ?????? ? ?????? ? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ? ???? ??????? ? ????? ? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ? ????? . [22]

? ????? [ ??? | ??? ???? ]

?????? ????? ??????????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? 2019? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ?????. [23] ? 19 ??? 2021? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ????????????? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? 40000 ????? ????????. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ? ? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????. [24] ? 24 ????? 2021? ?? ???? ? ???? ????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ? ??? "?????? ????????? ???????" ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????. [23]

? ????? [ ??? | ??? ???? ]

????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ? ?????????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ?????. ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? . [25]

? ????? ???? [ ??? | ??? ???? ]

?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ???????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? . [26]

? ????? 2021? ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ?????. [27] ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? 7 ????? 2021. [28]

???? ????? [ ??? | ??? ???? ]

  1. ^ "???? ≪???????≫ ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? - ????? ?????? (2021)" . ??????? ?? ???? ? 2022-08-15 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-02-23 .
  2. ^ "Bitcoin, ether hit record high, other cryptos also surge" (? ???????). 9 ????? 2021. ??????? ?? ???? ? 2022-06-29 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-11-09 .
  3. ^ "Can All Of Bitcoin Be Hacked" (? ???????). 16 ?????? 2020. ??????? ?? ???? ? 2022-12-31 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-04-27 .
  4. ^ "Bitcoin surges to new high near $65,000 as all eyes turn to Coinbase direct listing" (? ???????). 14 ????? 2021. ??????? ?? ???? ? 2022-12-17 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-04-26 .
  5. ^ a b "Bitcoin and Beyond: A Technical Survey on Decentralized Digital Currencies" (PDF) (? ???????). ??????? (PDF) ?? ???? ? 2023-05-29 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-04-26 .
  6. ^ "bmoney, Wei Dai" (? ???????). ??????? ?? ???? ? 2023-10-10 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-04-26 .
  7. ^ a b "The many alleged identities of Bitcoin's mysterious creator, Satoshi Nakamoto" (? ???????). 26 ?????? 2021. ??????? ?? ???? ? 2023-03-15 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-04-26 .
  8. ^ "????? ???? ???? ???????" . ??????? ?? ???? ? 30 ????? 2013.
  9. ^ "Hal Finney received the first Bitcoin transaction. Here's how he describes it" (? ???????). 3 ????? 2014. ??????? ?? ???? ? 2023-05-25 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-04-30 .
  10. ^ "10 Years After Laszlo Hanyecz Bought Pizza With 10K Bitcoin, He Has No Regrets" (? ???????). 22 ??? 2020. ??????? ?? ???? ? 2021-08-24 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-04-30 .
  11. ^ "Bitcoin's value just passed $1 trillion" (? ???????). 19 ?????? 2021. ??????? ?? ???? ? 2023-06-11 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-04-30 .
  12. ^ "A Solution To Bitcoin's Governance Problem" (? ???????). 21 ????? 2015. ??????? ?? ???? ? 2023-06-13 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-05-05 .
  13. ^ "Bitcoin Privacy Feud Erupts After Edward Snowden Pans Long-Awaited Taproot Upgrade" (? ???????). 11 ??? 2021. ??????? ?? ???? ? 2023-07-05 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-05-20 .
  14. ^ "???????? ??? ? ??????" . ?????? . ??????? ?? ???? ? 2023-07-26 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-04-27 .
  15. ^ "Bitcoin Core version 0.9.0 released" (? ???????). 19 ???? 2014. ??????? ?? ???? ? 2023-05-28 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-05-19 .
  16. ^ a b "Guide: What is Bitcoin and how does it work" (? ???????). 5 ?????? 2021. ??????? ?? ???? ? 2023-04-07 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-04-26 .
  17. ^ "Bank of Singapore Says Crypto Could Replace Gold as Store of Value" . ???????? (? ???????). 25 ????? 2021. ??????? ?? ???? ? 2021-10-19 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-04-19 .
  18. ^ "S&P Dow Jones brings bitcoin, ethereum to Wall St with cryptocurrency indexes" . ?????? (? ???????). 4 ??? 2021. ??????? ?? ???? ? 2023-01-23 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-05-06 .
  19. ^ "Bitcoin will soon be available through hundreds of US banks" (? ???????). 5 ??? 2021. ??????? ?? ???? ? 2021-06-25 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-05-06 .
  20. ^ "?????? ???? ??????? ? "?????????" ???? ??? ??????? ?????? - ????? ??????? (2017)" . ??????? ?? ???? ? 2022-08-13 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-02-23 .
  21. ^ "?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??"????????? " " (? ??????). 5 ????? 2018. ??????? ?? ???? ? 5 ????? 2021 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 5 ????? 2021 .
  22. ^ "Cryptocurrency information about Morocco [??????? ? ???????????? ??? ??????]" (? ???????). ??????? ?? ???? ? 2022-11-29 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-09-05 .
  23. ^ a b "China declares all crypto-currency transactions illegal" (? ???????). 24 ????? 2021. ??????? ?? ???? ? 2023-10-01 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-09-24 .
  24. ^ "China bans financial, payment institutions from cryptocurrency business" (? ???????). 19 ??? 2021. ??????? ?? ???? ? 2023-10-12 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-05-20 .
  25. ^ "Putin suggests openness to moving energy trade to crypto from dollar in the future" (? ???????). 14 ?????? 2021. ??????? ?? ???? ? 2022-05-22 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-10-23 .
  26. ^ "?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? - ?????? ?????? (2017)" . ??????? ?? ???? ? 2022-12-22 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-02-23 .
  27. ^ Ostroff? Caitlin (2021-06-09). "El Salvador Becomes First Country to Approve Bitcoin as Legal Tender" . Wall Street Journal (? ???????). ??????? ?? ???? ? 2023-09-26 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 2021-06-09 .
  28. ^ Renteria? Nelson (25 ????? 2021). "Bitcoin to become legal tender in El Salvador on Sept 7" . Reuters . ??????? ?? ???? ? 2023-01-27 . ?????? ???? ? ????? 25 ????? 2021 .
Wikimedia Commons ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? ? ???????? ???? Bitcoin ? ????????? ????? .

?????? [ ??? | ??? ???? ]

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