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?????? ???????? ?? 15 ?????? ??? 1637 ?? ??? ???? (??????? ???????) ?? ????????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1661.
????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? 1661 ?? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????.
[2]
????? ???????? ???
?????
??? 1663 ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????. ??? ?? ??? 1665 ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? 1666 ?1667? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???. ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ≪????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????≫ ??? 1672. ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??? 1667 ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ≪?????? ?????? ????????≫.
[2]
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. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????.
[2]
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[3]
????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????????.
[4]
????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????. ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????????. ?? ???? ?????? ≪???? ?? ??????≫ ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????.
[5]
??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????????. ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???. ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????. ?? ??? 1669? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? (????? ????? ?????? ??????). ????? ??? ???????? ???? ≪??????? ????? ???????≫? ?? ≪?????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???≫ ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????.
[6]
??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????. ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????. ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ≪??????? ???????≫ ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????.
[7]
??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? (??? ?????? ????????) ???? ??????? ???????
[8]
?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????.
[9]
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???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ??? 1673? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???? 1675 ??? ????? ????? ?????? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????.
[3]
??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? 1676. ??? ?? ?????? ???
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[10]
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?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? 43 ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? 1680? ????? ??? ????? ≪?????? ?????? ???????≫ ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????.
[11]
[12]
???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ≪??? ????≫ ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????.
[13]
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???? ???? ?????? ≪??????? ????? ???????≫ ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 1680 ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? 1685. ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ≪????? ???????≫ ???????? ????????? ??????: ≪????? ?????? ??? ???????≫.
[10]
??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????.
[4]
???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????.
[10]
??? ??. ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? 1758.
[4]
?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????.
[14]
?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ≪??? ??????? ??????? ????≫ ???? ????? ??????
????????
? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????? (1591 ? 1659).
?????
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???
]
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Klaas Van Berkel, Albert Van Helden & L. C. Palm (1999).
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"Swammerdam, Johannes"
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"...whereas modern biologists speak of the grub, the pupa and the adult as stages in the life cycle of one individual butterfly,
?????? ?????
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???? ??????
2020-12-09 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
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ISBN
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9789047422365
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"Jan Swammerdam's "portrait"
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?????
?? 2013-10-22
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2013-01-22
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