???? ?????

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?????? ?????	???
??? ??????	??????? ... а.е. (????????) ; а.б. (?????????) ; AU (???????????) ; ua (???????????) ; au (???????????) ; au (??????????) ; ua (???????????) ; а. а. (?????????????????) ; CsE (????????) ;
??? ?????? ??????	149597870700 ??? ;

?????? ??????? ???? ??? ≪?.?≫ ( ??????????? : Astronomical unit ???? ??? au )? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 2012 ??? ???? ????? ???? 1.495978707×10 ¹¹ ???? ?? 150 ????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? .

????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??????? (????? ?.?. ) ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? .

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? 149.597.870,691 ??????? (???? ± 3 ???? ) ?? ??:

1 ?.?. = 149.597.870,691 ??????? = 15,813 × 10 ^?6 ??? ????? . ^[4]
1 ??? ????? = 63241 ?.?.

??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? 150.000.000 ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? 402129.309 ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? 402130 ???????? ???? ?????? ???????! .

??????????? [ ??? ]

??? ????????? ??? ??? 1958? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? .

????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? : 0.3075 "" ?.?
?????? : 0,723 ?.?.
????? : 1 ?.?.
?????? : 1,524 ?.?.
??????? : 5,203 ?.?.
??? : 9,539 ?.?.
??????? : 19,18 ?.?.
????? : 30,06 ?.?.
????? : 39,53 ?.?. (??????? ??? 29 ?.?. ? 49 ?.?. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????) .

?????? ???? ?? ????? [ ??? ]

????? : 39,53 ?.?. (??????? ??? 29 ?.?. ? 49 ?.?. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ) .
???? ????????? : ??? 2 ? 3,5 ?.?. (????? ?????? ????????) . ^[5]
???? ????? : ??? 30 ? 55 ?.?. (????? ?????? ????????) .
?????? 1 : 120,3748 ?.?. (??? 16 ????? 2012? ) .
?????? 2 : 98,2646 ?.?. (??? 16 ????? 2012? ) .
????? ???? : 50000 ?.?. ?????? .

????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? 18 ??? 20 ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? 389.174. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? 87 ???? (????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? 89.853 ????). ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? 380 ??? 1520 ???. ^[6]

???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ≪????? ???? ????≫ ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? 1000 ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ^[7]

???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? 1210 ???? ^[8]^[9] ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?26 ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? 64.17 ???. ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ^[10]^[11] ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? 1210 ???. ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? 19 ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ^[10]

???? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? 1170 ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? 1108 ???. ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????. ^[12] ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? 1142 ?1150 ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???. ^[13]

??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? (???? ???? ???? ??? ?????) ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? 1627. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? (????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????). ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????. ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? 1635? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? 11 ???.

???????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? A (???? ?????? ??????? ??????) ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????:

$A^{3}={\frac {GM_{\odot }D^{2}}{k^{2}}}$

???? G ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? _?M ?? ???? ?????? ????? k ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? D ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????????. ^[14]^[15]

?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? 2004 ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? 15 ±4 ??? ???? ????? ??????. ^[16]^[17]

?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? 2010. ^[18] ????? ????? ??? 2004 ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? + 15 ± 4 ??? ??? ???. ^[19]^[20]

?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? 2010 ? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????. ^[21]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? (???)

????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ????? ??: ISO 80000?3:2006 : Grandeurs et unites - Partie 3 : Espace et temps . ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???: 3-1.C.b. ??????: ??????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ??????????. ????? ?????: 1 ???? 2006.
^ ^? ^? ????? ??: ??? ??????? ?????? . ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? (GND): 1077621957 . ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ????????? . ??????: 9 ????? 2024. ??????????: ????? ??????? ???????.
^ ^? ^? ^? ????? ??: ISO 80000-1:2009 Quantities and units?Part 1: General . ??????: 22. ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???: 6.5.6. ??????: ??????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ??????????. ????? ?????: 15 ?????? 2009.
^ https://www.iau.org/public/themes/measuring/ ???? ?????? 2013-06-05 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Therese Encrenaz et alii, Le Systeme solaire , ed. EDP/CNRS, 2003 , ???? 274, ???? ?????? ??? ???? (???? ??????) ???? ?????? 2014-04-29 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Van Helden? Albert (1985)? Measuring the Universe: Cosmic Dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley ? Chicago: University of Chicago Press? ?. 5?9? ISBN : 978-0-226-84882-2
^ Lloyd? G.E.R. (1996)? Adversaries and Authorities: Investigations into Ancient Greek and Chinese Science ? Cambridge University Press? ?. 59?60? ISBN : 978-0-521-55695-8
^ Goldstein? Bernard R. (1967)? "The Arabic Version of Ptolemy's Planetary Hypotheses "? Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ? ?. 57? ?. 9?12? DOI : 10.2307/1006040 ? JSTOR : 1006040
^ van Helden? Albert (1985)? Measuring the Universe: Cosmic Dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley ? Chicago: University of Chicago Press? ?. 15?27? ISBN : 978-0-226-84882-2
^ ^? ^? pp. 16?19, van Helden 1985
^ p. 251, Ptolemy's Almagest , translated and annotated by G.J. Toomer, London: Duckworth, 1984, ( ???? 0-7156-1588-2 )
^ pp. 29?33, van Helden 1985
^ pp. 41?53, van Helden 1985
^ Noerdlinger, Peter D. (2008)? "Solar Mass Loss, the Astronomical Unit, and the Scale of the Solar System"? Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy ? ?. 0801? ?. 3807? arXiv : 0801.3807 ? Bibcode : 2008arXiv0801.3807N
^ "AU may need to be redefined" ? New Scientist ? 6 ?????? 2008? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-04-28
^ Krasinsky, G.A.? Brumberg, V.A. (2004)? "Secular increase of astronomical unit from analysis of the major planet motions, and its interpretation"? Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy ? ?. 90? ?. 267?88? Bibcode : 2004CeMDA..90..267K ? DOI : 10.1007/s10569-004-0633-z
^ John D. Anderson? Michael Martin Nieto (2009)? "Astrometric Solar-System Anomalies;§ 2: Increase in the astronomical unit"? American Astronomical Society ? ?. 261? ?. 189?97? arXiv : 0907.2469 ? Bibcode : 2009IAU...261.0702A ? DOI : 10.1017/s1743921309990378 . {{ ??????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |lastauthoramp= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |name-list-style= ( ?????? )
^ Fienga? A.? ?????? (2011)? "The INPOP10a planetary ephemeris and its applications in fundamental physics"? Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy ? ?. 111? ?. 363? arXiv : 1108.5546 ? Bibcode : 2011CeMDA.111..363F ? DOI : 10.1007/s10569-011-9377-8
^ Krasinsky? GA? Brumberg? V.A. (2004). "??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????". ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? (?. 3?4): 267?88. Bibcode : 2004CeMDA..90..267K . DOI : 10.1007 / s10569-004-0633-z . S2CID : 120785056 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |?????= ?? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ???? ?? ??? ???? |doi= ( ?????? )
^ John D. Anderson & Michael Martin Nieto (2009). "Astrometric Solar-System ?????????? ? § & nbsp ? 2: ????? ?? ?????? ???????". ??????? ??????? ????????? : 189?97. arXiv : 0907.2469 . Bibcode : ... 2009IAU ... . S2CID : 8852372 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |?????= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )? ?????? ??? ??????? |???= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? |bibcode= ??? ( ?????? )
^ Fienga? A.? Kuchynka? P.? Manche? H.? Desvignes? G.? Gastineau? M.? Cognard? ???.? Theureau? G. (2011). "??????? ?????? ??????? INPOP10a ????????? ?? ???????? ????????" (?. 3): 363. arXiv : 1108.5546 . Bibcode : 2011CeMDA.111..363F . DOI : 10.1007 / s10569-011-9377-8 . S2CID : 122573801 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????????? ?????? ????? ???? |????? ?????= ( ?????? )? ?????? ??? ??????? |Journal= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |journal= ( ?????? )? ?????? ??? ??????? |display-author= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? |doi= ( ?????? )

[ee78a87fe015907f858876f3dbcb5e8bb06846cd-1] ? ^? ^? ^? ????? ??: ISO 80000?3:2006 : Grandeurs et unites - Partie 3 : Espace et temps . ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???: 3-1.C.b. ??????: ??????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ??????????. ????? ?????: 1 ???? 2006.

[03b5294121fd55f885dbd071b3caea6cfb10fb46-2] ? ^? ????? ??: ??? ??????? ?????? . ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? (GND): 1077621957 . ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ????????? . ??????: 9 ????? 2024. ??????????: ????? ??????? ???????.

[95864393ba1472a5c37242a1b6dcf7f9fb5c3bd8-3] ? ^? ^? ????? ??: ISO 80000-1:2009 Quantities and units?Part 1: General . ??????: 22. ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???: 6.5.6. ??????: ??????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ??????????. ????? ?????: 15 ?????? 2009.

[4] ttps://www.iau.org/public/themes/measuring/ ???? ?????? 2013-06-05 ?? Wayback Machine

[5] Therese Encrenaz et alii, Le Systeme solaire , ed. EDP/CNRS, 2003 , ???? 274, ???? ?????? ??? ???? (???? ??????) ???? ?????? 2014-04-29 ?? Wayback Machine

[6] Van Helden? Albert (1985)? Measuring the Universe: Cosmic Dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley ? Chicago: University of Chicago Press? ?. 5?9? ISBN : 978-0-226-84882-2

[7] Lloyd? G.E.R. (1996)? Adversaries and Authorities: Investigations into Ancient Greek and Chinese Science ? Cambridge University Press? ?. 59?60? ISBN : 978-0-521-55695-8

[8] Goldstein? Bernard R. (1967)? "The Arabic Version of Ptolemy's Planetary Hypotheses "? Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ? ?. 57? ?. 9?12? DOI : 10.2307/1006040 ? JSTOR : 1006040

[9] van Helden? Albert (1985)? Measuring the Universe: Cosmic Dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley ? Chicago: University of Chicago Press? ?. 15?27? ISBN : 978-0-226-84882-2

[vh16192-10] ? ^? pp. 16?19, van Helden 1985

[11] . 251, Ptolemy's Almagest , translated and annotated by G.J. Toomer, London: Duckworth, 1984, ( ???? 0-7156-1588-2 )

[12] . 29?33, van Helden 1985

[13] . 41?53, van Helden 1985

[14] Noerdlinger, Peter D. (2008)? "Solar Mass Loss, the Astronomical Unit, and the Scale of the Solar System"? Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy ? ?. 0801? ?. 3807? arXiv : 0801.3807 ? Bibcode : 2008arXiv0801.3807N

[15] "AU may need to be redefined" ? New Scientist ? 6 ?????? 2008? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-04-28

[16] Krasinsky, G.A.? Brumberg, V.A. (2004)? "Secular increase of astronomical unit from analysis of the major planet motions, and its interpretation"? Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy ? ?. 90? ?. 267?88? Bibcode : 2004CeMDA..90..267K ? DOI : 10.1007/s10569-004-0633-z

[Anderson-17] John D. Anderson? Michael Martin Nieto (2009)? "Astrometric Solar-System Anomalies;§ 2: Increase in the astronomical unit"? American Astronomical Society ? ?. 261? ?. 189?97? arXiv : 0907.2469 ? Bibcode : 2009IAU...261.0702A ? DOI : 10.1017/s1743921309990378 . {{ ??????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |lastauthoramp= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |name-list-style= ( ?????? )

[18] Fienga? A.? ?????? (2011)? "The INPOP10a planetary ephemeris and its applications in fundamental physics"? Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy ? ?. 111? ?. 363? arXiv : 1108.5546 ? Bibcode : 2011CeMDA.111..363F ? DOI : 10.1007/s10569-011-9377-8

[19] Krasinsky? GA? Brumberg? V.A. (2004). "??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????". ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? (?. 3?4): 267?88. Bibcode : 2004CeMDA..90..267K . DOI : 10.1007 / s10569-004-0633-z . S2CID : 120785056 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |?????= ?? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ???? ?? ??? ???? |doi= ( ?????? )

[مولد_تلقائيا1-20] John D. Anderson & Michael Martin Nieto (2009). "Astrometric Solar-System ?????????? ? § & nbsp ? 2: ????? ?? ?????? ???????". ??????? ??????? ????????? : 189?97. arXiv : 0907.2469 . Bibcode : ... 2009IAU ... . S2CID : 8852372 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |?????= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )? ?????? ??? ??????? |???= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? |bibcode= ??? ( ?????? )

[21] Fienga? A.? Kuchynka? P.? Manche? H.? Desvignes? G.? Gastineau? M.? Cognard? ???.? Theureau? G. (2011). "??????? ?????? ??????? INPOP10a ????????? ?? ???????? ????????" (?. 3): 363. arXiv : 1108.5546 . Bibcode : 2011CeMDA.111..363F . DOI : 10.1007 / s10569-011-9377-8 . S2CID : 122573801 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????????? ?????? ????? ???? |????? ?????= ( ?????? )? ?????? ??? ??????? |Journal= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |journal= ( ?????? )? ?????? ??? ??????? |display-author= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? |doi= ( ?????? )

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