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????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? AFN
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??? ?? ?? ??? ?? 1 ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? 1
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.
[3]
[4]
??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????
??? ??????
. (???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????.)
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????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? 2 ?????????.
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??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????
???? ???????
?? ??? 1886 . ??????? ????? ?? 11 ?????? 1886 ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????.
[5]
????? ??????? ?????????
??????? ?????
(1857-1894) ?? ??? 1888 ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ≪???? ????? ???????.≫ ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???
??? ??????
? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????
Annalen der Physik und Chemie
(???. 36? 1889).
??? ??? 1893 ??? ?????????
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????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??????? ?? ??? 1896 ??
???????
??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? 30 ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? 2 ?????????.
[6]
???? ?? ??? 2 ?????? 1897 ?????? ???????? (No. 649.621 and 645.576) ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? (??????).
????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????.
?? ??? ?????? ????????
???????
???? ?? ??? ?? ≪????≫ ?? 10 ???? 1897 ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? (????? ?????????????) ??? ???? ???????. ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????????
l'antenna centrale
????? ???? ???? Antenne .
[7]
?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1901 ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??
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?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? 100 ???. ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ???
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?? ??? 1909 ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????.
???? ????
[
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?????? ??????????????? ?? ???????.?????? ????????? (????) ??????? ?????????? (????) ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. λ ?? ??? ??????.
????? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????. ????
??????? ???????
???? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????.
????? ????? ????? ??????? λ/2 ?? ????? ??????
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- ????? ????? ??????? (????? ???????).
- ?????? ?????????? (????? ??????).
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??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? [????? ?????? E] ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ≪????≫? ≪????≫ ?? ≪????≫. ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????.
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???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ≪???? ????????≫ ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????.
???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ? 100
???
????? ??????? 80% ???? ??? ???? ???? 80 ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 20 ??? ??? ????? (???? ?? ??? ???? ??????). ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? 100 ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? 125 ???
?????? ?????? ?? ≪?????? ??????≫ ?? ????? ??????? ??
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. ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ≪?????? ????≫ R
r
(
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:radiation resistance) ?≪?????? ??????≫
R
loss
. ??? ??? ????? ?????? I ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? I
2
R
r
?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? I
2
R
loss
??? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????
:
- =
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- (R
r
/ (R
r
+ R
loss
??????? ???? ???????? ?????? R
r
+ R
loss
??????.
?????:
??????
?????: Z = 50 Ω? ???? ????????: R
loss
= 2 Ω (???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????)
- ??? ??????? / ??? ?????? = 1/10, R
r
= 4 Ω ← ????? ???????: 4/(2 + 4) = 67 %
- ??? ??????? / ??? ?????? = 1/4, R
r
= 36,6 Ω ← ????? ???????: 36,6/(2 + 36,6) = 95 %
???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????. ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??
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??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? R
r
??? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????????? (????? ????? ???????) ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? (530?1650 kHz) ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????.
??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? (
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) ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????????. ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ≪??? ???????≫ ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????.
???? ??????
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??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? Yagi-Uda-antenna.
????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????: ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ; ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? omnidirectional pattern.
?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????.
???? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????
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?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ???
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? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ?? ?????.
???? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? main lobe? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????. ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? sidelobe.
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