???? ??????

?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? (?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? "???? ??????").

???? ???? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ^[1] ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? (??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????) ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????.

??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????. ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. ^[2]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1.3 ?1.5 ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? (???? ???????? 1998? ??? ??????? 1994).

??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????. ^[3] ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? "????? ????"? ????? ?? ???? ???? . ^[4]^[5] ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? 123581 ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? . ^[6]

????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? National Runaway Switchboard? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????????. ^[7]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ (Smollar, 1999; Robertson & Toro, 1998)
^ "NRS Statistics on Runaways from Peer-reviewed Journals and Federal Studies" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-01-11 .
^ http://www.cga.ct.gov/2003/olrdata/kid/rpt/2003-R-0130.htm Background on Status Offenders ???? ?????? 2016-09-11 ?? Wayback Machine
^ http://law.onecle.com/illinois/720ilcs5/10-6.html Illinois Criminal Code of 1961 - 720 ILCS 5, Section 10-6 ???? ?????? 2016-06-26 ?? Wayback Machine
^ http://www.ndaa.org/pdf/parental_kidnapping.pdf Criminal Parental Kidnapping ???? ?????? 2010-07-12 ?? Wayback Machine
^ The World Almanac and Book of Facts: 2006 Edition , Pg. 205 ISBN 0-88687-964-7
^ "Family and Youth Services Bureau" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-07-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-01-11 .

?????? ???? [ ??? ]

Brennan, Tim, David Huizinga, and Delbert S. Elliott. The social psychology of runaways . Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1978. ISBN 0-669-00565-7 .
Janus, Mark-David. Adolescent runaways: causes and consequences . Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1987. ISBN 0-669-13047-8 .
Goldberg, Jim. Raised by wolves . Zurich and New York: Scalo, 1995. ISBN 1-881616-50-9 .
Whitbeck, Les B., and Dan R. Hoyt. Nowhere to grow: homeless and runaway adolescents and their families . New York: Aldine de Grutyer, 1999. ISBN 0-202-30583-X .
Gwartney, Debra. Live through this: a mother's memoir of runaway daughters and reclaimed love . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009. ISBN 978-0-547-05447-6 .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

National Runaway Switchboard for young people in the United States]] and U.S. Territories]]
The Runaway Helpline for young people in the ??????? ???????
Family and Youth Services Bureau
National Clearinghouse on Families & Youth

[1] (Smollar, 1999; Robertson & Toro, 1998)

[2] "NRS Statistics on Runaways from Peer-reviewed Journals and Federal Studies" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-01-11 .

[3] ttp://www.cga.ct.gov/2003/olrdata/kid/rpt/2003-R-0130.htm Background on Status Offenders ???? ?????? 2016-09-11 ?? Wayback Machine

[4] ttp://law.onecle.com/illinois/720ilcs5/10-6.html Illinois Criminal Code of 1961 - 720 ILCS 5, Section 10-6 ???? ?????? 2016-06-26 ?? Wayback Machine

[5] ttp://www.ndaa.org/pdf/parental_kidnapping.pdf Criminal Parental Kidnapping ???? ?????? 2010-07-12 ?? Wayback Machine

[6] The World Almanac and Book of Facts: 2006 Edition , Pg. 205 ISBN 0-88687-964-7

[7] "Family and Youth Services Bureau" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-07-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-01-11 .

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