????? ?????

????? ?????
( ??????????? : Herbert Spencer )?
??????? ?????
???????	27 ????? 1820 ; ????? (???????)
??????	8 ?????? 1903 ; ??????? ???????
???? ?????	????? ??????
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??? ??	???????? ????? ??????
?????? ???????
?????? ??? ????? ??????	Spencer
??????	?????? ? ???????? ? ????? ????? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ? ????? ?????? ? ????? ? ????? ???? ? ???????
????? ????	??????????
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???? ?????	???????? ????????
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??? ??????	?????? ?????? ; ???????? ????????
??????	??? ?? ? ?????? ? ??????
???????
	????? ????? - ?????

????? ????? ( ??????????? : Herbert Spencer )? ?? ?????? ??????? ( 27 ????? 1820 - 8 ?????? 1903 ).???? ???? ≪????? ?? ??????≫ ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????. ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?? ???? ???? ????? ≪?????? ??????≫. ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ? ????????? ?????????? .? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????.

????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? 1820 ????? ??? 1903 ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ^[5] ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? (??????????)???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????.???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? 1898.

?? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????.
??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????.
???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????.
????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????.
????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????.

????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? 1848 ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ≪?????????≫.? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????. ??? 1851 ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????≪?????? ??????≫ ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????????.??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????.???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????: ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????: ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? .

??? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ???? (??? ?????? ?? ??????) ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????.

????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ^[6]

???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ≪?????????? ??????????≫? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? (??? ??? ????? ?? ??????) ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.

??? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ????????. ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? -??? ?????? ?????- ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? -???? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????- ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? -?????? ???? ????- ????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????. ^[7]^[8]

????????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ≪???? ????????≫. ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????.

???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???. ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ≪???????≫ ?? ≪???? ?? ???? ???????≫ ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????????. ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????.

??????? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? -????? ??????- ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? 368755 ???? ??? ???? 1860 ?1903 ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??. ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ≪?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ???????≫. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????. ^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???. ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????- ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???. ???? ??. ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ???????? ≪?????? ????? ?? ???????≫ ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ^[13]

????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? 1863 ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ≪??????? ?????????≫. ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ≪????? ????? ?????? ???≫ ???????? ???????? ≪?????? ?????????≫? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? 1884 ?????? ≪??? ?????≫? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ≪?????≫ ???????? ??? 1895 . ^[14]

???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ≪?????? ????? ???????≫? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ≪?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????≫. ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ^[15]

???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. ^[16]

??????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ????? ≪?????? ??????≫ ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ^[17] ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ≪??????? ????????: ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????≫ ?? ????? ??????? ≪????? ???? ????????≫. ^[18] ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????. ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ???? ????????. ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ≪????????≫ ? ≪???????≫? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????.

?? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ?????? (?? 1864-1867).
??? ??? ????? (1870-1872.
??? ??? ???????? (1876-1896).
??? ??????? (1879-1893).
?????????? ?????????? (1850).

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??? ???? Encyclopædia Britannica Online (??????????)
????? ????? ??? ???? NNDB people (??????????)

????? [ ??? ]

^ www.accademiadellescienze.it (??????????), QID : Q107212659
^ ????? ?????? ??????? ? QID : Q10855166
^ Charles Dudley Warner , ed. (1897), Library of the World's Best Literature (???????????), QID : Q19098835
^ ??? ??????? ???? ??????? (??????? ????????), ????: Q190593 , OCLC : 609410106 , QID : Q54919
^ ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? 1984? ? 221
^ Turner? Jonathan H. (1985). Herbert Spencer . Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications. ISBN : 0-8039-2244-2 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )
^ McKinnon, AM. (2010). 'Energy and society: Herbert Spencer's 'energetic sociology' of social evolution and beyond'. Journal of Classical Sociology, vol 10, no. 4, pp. 439?55. [1] ???? ?????? 2014-08-18 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Popular Science Monthly , Volume 44
^ ?????? ?????? , Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement ^{[???? ????]}‏ , p. 246.
^ Stringham, Edward. Anarchy and the Law. Transaction Publishers, 2007. p. 387. ???? ?????? 2018-10-01 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Stringham, Edward. Anarchy and the Law. Transaction Publishers, 2007. p. 388. ???? ?????? 2018-10-01 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Herbert Spencer, Facts and comments , p. 126. ???? ?????? 2017-03-13 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Social Statics (1851), pp. 42, 307.
^ Ronald F. Cooney, "Herbert Spencer: Apostle of Liberty" Freeman (January 1973) online ???? ?????? 2018-11-07 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Chris Matthew Sciabarra, "Libertarianism", in International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology, ed. Jens Beckert and Milan Zafirovski (2006), pp. 403?07 online . ???? ?????? 2017-10-20 ?? Wayback Machine
^ "Herbert Spencer on the Land Question: A Criticism, by Alfred Russel Wallace" . people.wku.edu . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-10.
^ "ORCID" . orcid.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-10-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-10-31 .
^ ????? ??? ????? (2021). ????? ???? ????????|The Businesses of The Future World (???????). ?????.?????: ????? ??????. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )

????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.
???? ?? ?? ???? ?????.

[wikidata-938d622018da6e6518adf78b68e2d9e809478229-1] www.accademiadellescienze.it (??????????), QID : Q107212659

[wikidata-5784e217f93d934221d1dd214c6c53d7695ae8b3-2] ????? ?????? ??????? ? QID : Q10855166

[wikidata-17719537c93d3b75709dc5a408afd9a5d3cd7899-3] Charles Dudley Warner , ed. (1897), Library of the World's Best Literature (???????????), QID : Q19098835

[wikidata-63309730314f4c20bf6b1008fe8ffd2b155272b3-4] ??? ??????? ???? ??????? (??????? ????????), ????: Q190593 , OCLC : 609410106 , QID : Q54919

[5] ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? 1984? ? 221

[6] Turner? Jonathan H. (1985). Herbert Spencer . Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications. ISBN : 0-8039-2244-2 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )

[7] McKinnon, AM. (2010). 'Energy and society: Herbert Spencer's 'energetic sociology' of social evolution and beyond'. Journal of Classical Sociology, vol 10, no. 4, pp. 439?55. [1] ???? ?????? 2014-08-18 ?? Wayback Machine

[8] Popular Science Monthly , Volume 44

[9] ?????? ?????? , Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement ^{[???? ????]}‏ , p. 246.

[10] Stringham, Edward. Anarchy and the Law. Transaction Publishers, 2007. p. 387. ???? ?????? 2018-10-01 ?? Wayback Machine

[11] Stringham, Edward. Anarchy and the Law. Transaction Publishers, 2007. p. 388. ???? ?????? 2018-10-01 ?? Wayback Machine

[12] Herbert Spencer, Facts and comments , p. 126. ???? ?????? 2017-03-13 ?? Wayback Machine

[13] Social Statics (1851), pp. 42, 307.

[14] Ronald F. Cooney, "Herbert Spencer: Apostle of Liberty" Freeman (January 1973) online ???? ?????? 2018-11-07 ?? Wayback Machine

[15] Chris Matthew Sciabarra, "Libertarianism", in International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology, ed. Jens Beckert and Milan Zafirovski (2006), pp. 403?07 online . ???? ?????? 2017-10-20 ?? Wayback Machine

[16] "Herbert Spencer on the Land Question: A Criticism, by Alfred Russel Wallace" . people.wku.edu . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-10.

[17] "ORCID" . orcid.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-10-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-10-31 .

[18] ????? ??? ????? (2021). ????? ???? ????????|The Businesses of The Future World (???????). ?????.?????: ????? ??????. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )

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