???? ??? ???? (?????????? 2013)

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
  ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? (?????) .
???? ??? ???? (?????????? 2013)
??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ( ???? ?????? ??? ???? )

???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? 2013

      ????? ??????? ???????       ????? ????????       ?????? ?????

??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? .
??????? 26 ???? ? 22 ????? 2013
( 4 ????? ?27 ????? )
?????? ?????? ??? ???? ? ?????
??????? ?????? ????? ??????
  • ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????
  • ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? [6]
  • ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? [7] [8] [9]
  • ???? 281?1,729 ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????
  • ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???
??????????
???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????
  • معارضة سورية ????? ?????? ????

    • ???? ?????? [1]
    ?????? ????????? ??????? [2]

    ???? ????? ?????

    تنظيم الدولة الإسلامية (داعش) ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????     		سوريا ????????? ??????? ???????

    ??? ???? [3]
    ???? ??? ????? ?????? [4]

    ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? [5]
    ?????? ????????
    ???? ??????
    (???? ???? ???? ???????)
    ??? ???? ????????
    (???? ???? ??????) ( ???? ??? )
    ??? ???? ????????  أعدم
    (???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????)     		سوريا ???? ?????
    ???? ??? ????? [10]
    (???? ?????? 104 ??? ??????)
    ??????? ????????
    ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????
    ?????? ??????? ???????
    ?????? ?????? ???????
    ?????? ??????? 11
    ????? ????????
    ?????
    20,000 ????? [11]
    • 750?1,000 ?? ?????? ?????? [12]
    		70,000 ????? [13] 500 ?????
    ???????? ????????
    ???? 2,125+ ????? [14] ???? 1,150+ ???? [14]

    ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? 2013 ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? .

    ?????? [ ??? ]

    ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

    ?? ????? ???? 2013 ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????. [15]

    ?? 7 ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? (????) ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? . [16]

    ?? 15 ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? 20 ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????. [17]

    ?? 18 ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? . [18]

    ?? 20 ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ??? 69 ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? . [19]

    ???? ????? ????? ???????? [ ??? ]

    ??????? ???????: ????? ????? ?????

    ?? 21 ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? . ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? 250 ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? 127 ???? ?? ????? 27 ???????. ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? 450. ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? 98 ??? ?? ????? ??????? ? 86 ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? 85 ???? ?????? ????? 28 ????? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?? 483 ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? 300 ???? ? 150 ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? 190 ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????. [20]

    ?? 24 ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? 37 ????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???. [21]

    ?????? ??? ???? ????? [ ??? ]

    ?? 26 ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????. [22]

    ?? 27 ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????. ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????. [23]

    ?? 28 ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. [24]

    ?? 29 ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? . ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. [25]

    ???? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

    ?? 1 ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????.

    ?? 2 ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????. ≪??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????≫. [26]

    ?? ?????? ?? ??? 4 ? 6 ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? . ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????. [27]

    ?? 8 ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????.

    ?? 9 ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????.

    ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????.

    ???? ???????? ?????? [ ??? ]

    ?? 14 ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????. [28]

    ?? 15 ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????. [29]

    ????? ???? ????? [ ??? ]

    ?? 27 ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. [30]

    ?? 28 ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????. ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? 400 ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????. [31]

    ????? 30 ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ≪????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????≫. ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? 80? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????. [32]

    ?? 2 ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????. ??? 14-17 ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????. [33] [34]

    ?? 4 ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????. ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????. ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????. [35]

    ?? 11 ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? 27 ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ????? ???????. [36]

    ?? 15 ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????. [37]

    ?? 16 ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? 10 ???? ???? 10 ?????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????. [38]

    ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

    ?? 18 ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????. ??? 22 ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????. [39]

    ?? 19 ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????. [40]

    ?? 20 ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????. [41]

    ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????. [42]

    ?? 25 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ≪????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????≫. ?????? ?? ≪????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????≫. ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ≪????≫ ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????. ????? 27 ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????. [8]

    ?? 6 ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????. ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? . ????? ???????? ??-72 ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. [7]

    ?? 13 ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????.

    ?? 14 ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? 60 ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? 200 ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????. [43]

    ?? 15 ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????. ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????. [44]

    ??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

    ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? 2013.

    ?? 21 ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????. ??? 49 ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????. [45]

    ?? 26 ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????. ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????-????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. [46]

    ?? 6 ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ≪?????? ???????≫ ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. [47]

    ?? ????? ?????? ??? 62 ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????. [48]

    ?? 10 ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????.

    ?? 16 ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 14 ????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. [49] [50]

    ???? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

    ??????? ???????: ?????? ????????? ??? ??????

    ?? 21 ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? 355 ??? 1,429. [51]

    ?? 22 ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????. [52]

    ???? ??? - ???? ???? ????? [ ??? ]

    ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 2013 ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. [53]

    ?? 1 ?????? ??? 46 ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? 29 ?????? ???????. [54]

    ?? 3 ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????. [55]

    ?? 6 ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? 8 ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????.

    ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? 10 ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????.

    ??????? [ ??? ]

    1. ^ Yezdani? ?pek (2 ?????? 2012). "Rebels fighting against al-Assad rule fragmented, disorganized in Syria" (PDF) . ????? ???? . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2017-10-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-09-22 .
    2. ^ "BBC Arabic: Groups affiliated to al-Qaeda carry out acts of terror" . Champress. 18 ?????? 2012. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-09-21 .
    3. ^ "Fierce clashes in Damascus district: NGO" . AFP. 19 ????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-08-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-09-16 .
    4. ^ Blanford? Nicholas (18 ????? 2013). "Video appears to show Hezbollah and Iraqi Shiites fighting in Syria" . Christian Science Monitor. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-04 .
    5. ^ Phillip Smyth (2 ?????? 2015). "Iran-backed Iraqi militias are pouring into Syria" . Business Insider . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-10-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-09-17 .
    6. ^ "Besieged Syria Rebels Plead For Help, Assad Confident" . Oregonherald.com. 30 ???? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    7. ^ ? ? "Assad's forces advance into rebel-held district of Damascus" . Dailystar.com.lb. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    8. ^ ? ? "The Syrian army attacked a town in the center of the country" . Lorientlejour.com. 27 ????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    9. ^ "Syrian soldiers enter rebel tunnels, find chemical agents - state TV" . Dailystar.com.lb. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    10. ^ "Civilian Brigades Are Helping Syrian Army Control Territory" . Al-monitor.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    11. ^ "Heavy fighting continues in Mliha near Damascus" . English.ruvr.ru. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-02-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    12. ^ Ignatius? David (30 ?????? 2012). "Al-Qaeda affiliate playing larger role in Syria rebellion" . ?????? ???? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-12-01 .
    13. ^ Yacoub? Khaled (13 ????? 2013). "Syrian forces kill 26 in bombardment east of capital - opposition" . Uk.reuters.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-10-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    14. ^ ? ? "?????? ?????? ????? ???????" . Syriahr.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-07 .
    15. ^ Shmulovich? Michal (6 ????? 2013). "Syrian troops battle rebels outside Damascus" . Timesofisrael.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    16. ^ Holmes? Oliver (8 ????? 2013). "Suicide car bomber kills 15 in central Damascus" . Reuters.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    17. ^ Yacoub? Khaled (15 ????? 2013). "Army bombs Damascus to halt Syrian rebels - activists" . Uk.reuters.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-06-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    18. ^ AP (19 ????? 2013). "Syrian official shot dead in Damascus" . Chennai, India: Thehindu.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-11-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    19. ^ Crise (21 ????? 2013). "Syrie : Combats sanglants entre rebelles et forces du regime pres de la frontiere libanaise" . Lorientlejour.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    20. ^ Matthew Weaver (22 ????? 2013). "Army account of Damascus suburb attack" . London: Guardian. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    21. ^ Karouny? Mariam (24 ????? 2013). "Syrian army seizes strategic town near capital" . Reuters.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-10-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    22. ^ "Troops backed by militia battle rebels around Damascus" . Globalpost.com. 26 ????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-06-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    23. ^ Saturday (27 ????? 2013). "Syria Today: A Chemical Weapons "Game-Changer"?" . Enduringamerica.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    24. ^ Yacoub? Khaled (28 ????? 2013). "Fighting reported near suspected chemical arms site in Syria" . Uk.reuters.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-07-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    25. ^ "Le Premier ministre syrien echappe a un attentat a Damas" . Lorientlejour.com. 29 ????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    26. ^ Solomon? Erika (2 ???? 2013). "Assad forces on the offensive from Damascus to Mediterranean" . Reuters.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    27. ^ "Syrian army about to regain control over strategic al-Qussair city" . News.xinhuanet.com. 5 ???? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    28. ^ "Syria opposition says rebels vying to retake key cities and supply routes east, south of Damascus" . Cbsnews.com. 15 ???? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-11-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    29. ^ Nawar Al-Khatib. "Clashes in Eastern Ghouta, and civilians under indiscriminate shelling" . Syrianewsdesk.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-11-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    30. ^ "Ghouta, Hezbollah's next target in Syria?" . English.alarabiya.net. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    31. ^ Mariam Karouny (29 ???? 2013). "Syrian army seizes strategic air base near Qusair" . Chicagotribune.com. Reuters. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    32. ^ Balance Of Power In Syria Shifting Assad's Way ???? ?????? 26 ???? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
    33. ^ Evans? Dominic (2 ????? 2013). "Syrian rebels, Hezbollah in deadly fight in Lebanon: sources" . Reuters.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    34. ^ "Hezbollah, Syrian rebels clash on Lebanese soil" . Ynetnews.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    35. ^ "Two Hezbollah fighters including commander killed in Damascus clashes" . English.alarabiya.net. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    36. ^ "Syrian regime kills 26 attempting to break Ghouta siege" . English.alarabiya.net. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    37. ^ Syrian Arab News Agency: SANA, Damascus Syria - syria news (15 ????? 2013). "The Army seizes control of towns in Eastern Ghouta, Aleppo and Hama Countryside" . Sana.sy. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-06-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    38. ^ "Car bomb kills 10 soldiers at airport near Damascus: NGO" . Google.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-01-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    39. ^ "Syrian Troops Launch Offensive On Rebel Strongholds Outside Damascus" . Huffingtonpost.com. 22 ????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    40. ^ "Syria troops fight rebels near shrine of Sayida Zeinab" . Thefrontierpost.com. 19 ????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-11-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    41. ^ "Assad forces advance, rebels await weapons" . Worldbulletin.net. 20 ????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    42. ^ Yacoub? Khaled (21 ????? 2013). "By relying on Iran, Syria's Assad risks irrelevance" . In.reuters.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-11-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    43. ^ Syrian troops advance against rebels in key neighborhoods on edge of capital ???? ?????? 26 ???? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
    44. ^ Holmes? Oliver (16 ????? 2013). "Syria rebels reinforce key suburb in Damascus battle" . Reuters.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    45. ^ Activists: Kurds Free Al-Qaida-Linked Commander ???? ?????? July 21, 2013, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
    46. ^ Joud Hassoun Fouad Hashem. "Rebels reach the outskirts of Al-Abbasiyin square" . Syrianewsdesk.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-11-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    47. ^ Abu? Eyad (6 ????? 2013). "Syria: Government militia hit by desertions, say activists" . Aawsat.net. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-06-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    48. ^ Holmes? Oliver (7 ????? 2013). "Syrian army kills 62 rebels east of Damascus" . Reuters. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-07 .
    49. ^ "Army mortar fire kills 14 civilians near Damascus" . Fox News. 16 ????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-16 .
    50. ^ "NGO: Army mortar fire kills 14 civilians near Damascus" . Al Arabia. 16 ????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-16 .
    51. ^ "Government Assessment of the Syrian Government's Use of Chemical Weapons on August 21, 2013" . The White House. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-01-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    52. ^ "Raid des forces aeriennes syriennes sur le site des attaques chimiques supposees | Dernieres Infos | L'Orient-Le Jour" . Lorientlejour.com. 22 ????? 2013. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-30 .
    53. ^ "Institute for the Study of War Syria Updates: Regime Preparations Continue" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-10-25 .
    54. ^ eNCA. "Update: Nearly 90 Syria rebels killed in 48 hours" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-10-25 .
    55. ^ "Syrian rebels clash with Assad forces in Damascus" . euronews . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-06-14 .
    ?????? ?? ≪ https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=????_???_????_(??????????_2013)&oldid=64683390 ≫