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??? ??????? ( ??????? ? ??????? ) ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ? ????? ???????? ??????? . ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???. ^[1]

??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? . ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? 1260? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ^[2] ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? .

????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ^[3] ??? ?? ??? ???? ^[4] ????? . ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? . ????? ???????? (??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????) ?? ????????? ????? ???? ???????.

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^ HISTORY OF THE WORLD FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME by EVERT A. DUYCKINCK, pg. 128
^ Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance by George Lane, pg 77
^ Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of a Medieval Persian City by John W. Limbert, pg.145
^ India as Seen by Babur, AD 1504?1530 by R. Nath, pg. 23

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[1] HISTORY OF THE WORLD FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME by EVERT A. DUYCKINCK, pg. 128

[2] Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance by George Lane, pg 77

[3] Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of a Medieval Persian City by John W. Limbert, pg.145

[4] India as Seen by Babur, AD 1504?1530 by R. Nath, pg. 23

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