?????????

?????????
??????	????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????
???????	??????
????????	58°16′00″N 155°09′24″W / 58.266666666667°N 155.15666666667°W
????????	841 ???
????? ?????????	???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????
?????	???????
??? ?????	?? ??? ??? ?????? 1912
	????? ????? - ?????

????????? ( ??????????? : Novarupta )?? ???? ???? ?????????? ≪??????? ??????≫? ??? ????? ???? ??? 1912? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? 290 ????? (470 ??) ???? ??? ??????? . ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? 30 ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? 1980. ^[1]

????? ??? 1912 [ ??? ]

??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? 1912? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ?? 6 ????? ??? 1912? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????.

?? ?????? ????? 6 ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ^[2] ???? ??????? ???? ????? 60 ???? ??? ??? 3.1 ??? 3.6 ??? ???? (13 ??? 15 ??????? ????) ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? 1980 ?? ???? ?????? . ^[3] ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? 4.1 ??? ???? (17 ?? 3) ?? ????? ?????? ?????? 2.6 ??? ???? (11 km3) ?? ???? ?????? ?????? . ^[4]

???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? 1991 ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? 1902 ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? 2.6 ??? ???? (11 ?? 3) ?? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ?????.

??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? 1815 ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? 1815 ?? ??????? 150 ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? 1883 (4.8 ??? ???? ?? 20 ??????? ???? ?? ???????).

??? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? 6.59 ??? (10.61 ??) ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?4000 ??? (1200 ?) ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? 1.2 ??? (2 ??) ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? 2000 ??? ????? (600 ?)? (3 × 4 ??) ??????? .

????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? . ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? 295 ????? (90 ?????) ?????? 1180 ????? (360 ?????) ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????. ^[5]^[6]

??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????. ^[7]

??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ^[7]

???? ?????? ???? ???? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? 1916. ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? 15 ?????. ^[8]

????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 1980? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ≪???? ??????≫ (King Salmon) ??????? ??? ??? ????? 290 ??? (470 ??) ???? ??? ??????? .

?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? 1918 ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? 1912 ?40 ????? ?????? (104 ?? 2)? 100 ??? 700 ??? (30 ??? 210 ?)? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ^[9]

????? [ ??? ]

^ "Global Volcanism Program | Novarupta" . Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-10-19 . Retrieved 2020-12-03 .
^ Simkin? Tom (1994). Volcanoes of the World . ?. 117 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-04-26.
^ Fierstein? Judy? Hildreth? Wes (1 ?????? 1992). "The plinian eruptions of 1912 at Novarupta, Katmai National Park, Alaska" . DOI : 10.1007/bf00430778 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-04. {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????????? ?????? ????? ???? |????? ?????= ( ?????? )
^ Wood C.A.? and Kienle. Volcanoes of North America . Cambridge University Press. ?. 70.
^ "Novarupta - Historic eruptions" . avo.alaska.edu . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-09-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-12-04 .
^ "Witness: Firsthand Accounts of the Largest Volcanic Eruption in the Twentieth Century (U.S. National Park Service)" . www.nps.gov (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-12-04 . Retrieved 2020-12-04 .
^ ^? ^? Robert Fiske (1922). The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (???????????). National geographic society. Archived from the original on 2020-12-04.
^ Street, Mailing Address: PO Box 7 1000 Silver; Salmon, Building 603 King; Us, AK 99613 Phone:246-3305 Contact. "Deciphering the Novarupta-Katmai Eruption - Katmai National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)" . www.nps.gov (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-07-19 . Retrieved 2020-12-04 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ?????: ????? ???????? ( link )
^ Street, Mailing Address: PO Box 7 1000 Silver; Salmon, Building 603 King; Us, AK 99613 Phone:246-3305 Contact. "Katmai National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)" . www.nps.gov (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-11-28 . Retrieved 2020-12-04 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ?????: ????? ???????? ( link )

????????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[1] "Global Volcanism Program | Novarupta" . Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-10-19 . Retrieved 2020-12-03 .

[2] Simkin? Tom (1994). Volcanoes of the World . ?. 117 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-04-26.

[3] Fierstein? Judy? Hildreth? Wes (1 ?????? 1992). "The plinian eruptions of 1912 at Novarupta, Katmai National Park, Alaska" . DOI : 10.1007/bf00430778 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-04. {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????????? ?????? ????? ???? |????? ?????= ( ?????? )

[4] Wood C.A.? and Kienle. Volcanoes of North America . Cambridge University Press. ?. 70.

[5] "Novarupta - Historic eruptions" . avo.alaska.edu . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-09-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-12-04 .

[6] "Witness: Firsthand Accounts of the Largest Volcanic Eruption in the Twentieth Century (U.S. National Park Service)" . www.nps.gov (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-12-04 . Retrieved 2020-12-04 .

[:0-7] ? ^? Robert Fiske (1922). The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (???????????). National geographic society. Archived from the original on 2020-12-04.

[8] Street, Mailing Address: PO Box 7 1000 Silver; Salmon, Building 603 King; Us, AK 99613 Phone:246-3305 Contact. "Deciphering the Novarupta-Katmai Eruption - Katmai National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)" . www.nps.gov (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-07-19 . Retrieved 2020-12-04 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ?????: ????? ???????? ( link )

[9] Street, Mailing Address: PO Box 7 1000 Silver; Salmon, Building 603 King; Us, AK 99613 Phone:246-3305 Contact. "Katmai National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)" . www.nps.gov (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-11-28 . Retrieved 2020-12-04 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ?????: ????? ???????? ( link )

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