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?????????? ?????? ?? ????? [1]

????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ( ??????????? : Invasive species )? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????. [2] [3] [4] ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? . ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????:

  • ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ≪??? ???????≫ ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????.

???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?/?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? (?? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ). ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????.

  • ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????.

????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? (??? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ). ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????. [5] [6] [7] [8] ????? ??????? ???????? ≪??????? ??????? ?????????≫ ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? . [9] [10] ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? . [11]

?????? ?? ??????? ????? ≪?????????≫ ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? [8] ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ≪???????≫ ???? ??????? ????? ??????. [8] ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? . [12] ????? ????? ≪?????? ??????≫ ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 1493 ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????. [13]

?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?≪??? ?????? ???????≫ (??? ?????? ?????????) ?????????? ?????? . ???? ????? ?????????? ≪??????? ?????? ???????????≫ ?≪???????? ???????≫ ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? . [14] [15] [16] ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????.

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? -??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????.

??????? ??????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? . ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????. ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????.

????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? 86 ? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????. [17] ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????. [17] [18] [19] ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???:

  • ????? ??????
  • ??????? ??????
  • ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????
  • ????? ????? ??????? (?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????)
  • ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? (??????? ???????)
  • ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? (??? ???????)
  • ??????? ?? ????? [20]
  • ????? ????? ????? [21]

???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? [22] ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? (????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????). [23]

?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? (??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????) ??? ?? ??????? ??????. [24] [25] ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????.

?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????????/ ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????????. [26]

?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????. [27] ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????. [28]

??? ??????? ??????: ????????? ?????? (???? ????? ???????) ?????????? ??????? . ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? . ????? ??????? ?? ???? 8-???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ≪????????? ??????≫ ?≪????????? ???????≫ ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????. [29] [30]

????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????. ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????. [31]

???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ≪??? ????? ??????≫ ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? . ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? . [3]

????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ??? ???????:

??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ??? ?????????:

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

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