???? ?????

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???????	??? 1922 ; ????? ??????
????? ??????	????? 2000 (77–78 ???)
??????	???????? ??????? ??? ????? (1922?1943) ; ????? (1943?2000) ; ???????? (?2000)
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???? ????? (1922 - ????? 2000) ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ≪????? ????? ??????≫ ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? . ^[1]^[2]^[3]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? 1922 ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ≪???????≫ ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ≪????? ??????≫ ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? . ???? ?? 1952 ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????????. ??? ?? 1973 ≪???????≫ ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? 1975 ??????? ????????? ≪???????≫ ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ≪????? ????? ??????≫ ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? 1978 ??? ?????? ?????????.

??? ?? ???????? ?? 1992 ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ≪????? ????? ???????≫. ??? ???? ≪????? ?? ??????≫ ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? 1921 ??? 1930.

??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ≪???? ??? ???? ???????≫ ?≪?????? ???? ??? ?????≫ ?????? ?????? ?? ≪????? ?? ??????≫ ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? 1938 ?1940. ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? 2000 ??? ?????? ???????. ^[4]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? 2004

?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? 1970 ? ???? ????? 1996 ^[5]
???? ?????? (????? ???????)? ??? ?????? 1970? ???? ????? 1993 ^[6]
??????? (?????)? 1979
??? ???? (?????) ^[7]
??? ??????? (????? ???????)
??? ???? ??????: ?????? ?????? - ?????? 1
?????? ???????: ????... ???? ?????
????? ?? ?????? ?1? 1921-1930? 1989
????? ?? ?????? ?2? 1938-1940 ^[8]
???? ??? ???? ???????
????? ?????? ??????? ??????? 1996 ^[9]
???? ?? ????? (?????? ?????)
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????? [ ??? ]

^ "????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? | ???? ?????" . www.awu.sy . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-11-22 .
^ "????? ?????" . www.goodreads.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-11-22 .
^ ??????? -? ?????. "????? ??????? - ??????????? ????? ??????? - ?????? ( ???? ?????.)" . ????? ??????? - . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-10-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-11-22 .
^ "????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????" . ????? ?????? . 10 ?????? 2004. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-03-31 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )
^ Nawwaf (1996). al-Tawrah, batil wa-khatar . Bayrut: Dar al-Hadathah. OCLC : 35166313 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-23.
^ : . 1993. OCLC : 28517579 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-23.
^ ???? (1997). ??? ???? . ????? ????? ???????? ????????. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-23.
^ ???? (1996). ????? ?? ?????? ?2? 1938-1940 . ????? ????? ???????? ????????. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-23.
^ Nawwaf (1996). Saniu turathana al-thaqafi al-hadari . Beirut: Dar al-Hadathah. OCLC : 36014210 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-23.

???????????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????: ???? ????? ????? (????????)? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? 1984

??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???????.

[1] "????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? | ???? ?????" . www.awu.sy . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-11-22 .

[2] "????? ?????" . www.goodreads.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-11-22 .

[3] ??????? -? ?????. "????? ??????? - ??????????? ????? ??????? - ?????? ( ???? ?????.)" . ????? ??????? - . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-10-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-11-22 .

[4] "????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????" . ????? ?????? . 10 ?????? 2004. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-03-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-03-31 . {{ ??????? ???? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |= ?? ?????? ( ?????? )

[5] Nawwaf (1996). al-Tawrah, batil wa-khatar . Bayrut: Dar al-Hadathah. OCLC : 35166313 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-23.

[6] : . 1993. OCLC : 28517579 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-23.

[7] ???? (1997). ??? ???? . ????? ????? ???????? ????????. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-23.

[8] ???? (1996). ????? ?? ?????? ?2? 1938-1940 . ????? ????? ???????? ????????. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-23.

[9] Nawwaf (1996). Saniu turathana al-thaqafi al-hadari . Beirut: Dar al-Hadathah. OCLC : 36014210 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-11-23.

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