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?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????-????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? .

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????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? . ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????????? . ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????.

????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? . ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? (???? ??? ?????? )? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????.

?????? ???? ?????? -208 ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? (??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ) ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? 208 ?? ????? ?????????? 82? ???????????? 126. ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????-208 ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? . ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????-208 ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????. ???? ?? ??????? -209 ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????.

??? ??? ??????? ??? 1934 ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? (????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ). ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? 1970 ??? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????????.

?????? ??? ??? [ ??? ]

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SCK.CEN ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? Mol? Belgium

????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???? ?????

^ ???? ????: https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/atom .
^ ^? ^? ????? ??: ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? . ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? (EBID): science/atom . ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ??????????.
^ ???? ??? ??? ??? (1985)? ?????? ??????? ? ??????: ???? ?????? (?. 1)? ????: ????? ??????? ? ?. 1091? OCLC : 1136027329 ? QID : Q116176016
^ Machleidt? R.? Entem? D.R. (2011). "Chiral effective field theory and nuclear forces". Physics Reports . ?. 503 ?. 1: 1?75. arXiv : 1105.2919v1 . Bibcode : 2011PhR...503....1M . DOI : 10.1016/j.physrep.2011.02.001 .
^ Krane, K.S. (1987). Introductory Nuclear Physics . ????? (????) . ISBN : 0-471-80553-X .
^ Iwanenko, D.D. (1932). "The neutron hypothesis". Nature . ?. 129 ?. 3265: 798. Bibcode : 1932Natur.129..798I . DOI : 10.1038/129798d0 .

[10a0b8a62218b242cbf9f37b2d86e882c4f89acc-1] ???? ????: https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/atom .

[c0ece763a848850f28fed1727c985b7597ce4389-2] ? ^? ????? ??: ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? . ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? (EBID): science/atom . ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????: ??????????.

[3] ???? ??? ??? ??? (1985)? ?????? ??????? ? ??????: ???? ?????? (?. 1)? ????: ????? ??????? ? ?. 1091? OCLC : 1136027329 ? QID : Q116176016

[4] Machleidt? R.? Entem? D.R. (2011). "Chiral effective field theory and nuclear forces". Physics Reports . ?. 503 ?. 1: 1?75. arXiv : 1105.2919v1 . Bibcode : 2011PhR...503....1M . DOI : 10.1016/j.physrep.2011.02.001 .

[5] Krane, K.S. (1987). Introductory Nuclear Physics . ????? (????) . ISBN : 0-471-80553-X .

[6] Iwanenko, D.D. (1932). "The neutron hypothesis". Nature . ?. 129 ?. 3265: 798. Bibcode : 1932Natur.129..798I . DOI : 10.1038/129798d0 .

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