??? ???????

??? ???????
???????
?????	????? ; ?????
???????
?????	630 ???????
?????? ???????	??????????
?????	??? ??????
????? ?????	46300 ??????? ????
	????? ????? - ?????

??? ??????? Gandaki River ? ??????? ???? ???? Narayani ? Gandak ? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? 46,300 ??????? ???? (17,900 ??? ²)? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ?? ?????????? (?????) ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? 8,000 ??? (26,000 ???)? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????

?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????

????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? 25 ??????? (16 ???) ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????

??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? 6,268 ??? (20,564 ???) ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ^[1]

????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? Chhuama Khola ?? ?????? ?? Lo Manthang ?? Nhichung Khola ?? Choro Khola. ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? (????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????) ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? Kali Gandaki ??? ???? ???????. ?? Kagbeni ????? ???? ????? ???? Johng Khola ?? Kak Khola ?? Krishnaa ?? Muktinath.

?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? Kali Gandaki Gorge ? ?? Andha Galchi ? ??? ???? ?????????? ? ??? ?????? 8,167 ??? (26,795 ???) ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? 8,091 ??? (26,545 ???) ??? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? Dhaulagiri ?Annapurna ????? 7 ??????? (4 ???) ?? Tukuche)? ??? ?????? 2,520 ??? (8,270 ???)? ^[2] ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? 5,571 ??? (18,278 ???). ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????????. ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????????. ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? Mahabharats? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ?? Devghat? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????. ?? ???? ???? ??? East Rapti ???? ??? ?? ???? Terai ??????? ??????? ???? Chitwan. ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? - ???? ??????? - ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ??? Devghat? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? Gaindakot. ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? Gandak.

????? ????? ???? Gaindakot ???? Narayani ?? Sapt Gandaki (Seven Gandakis)? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? - ????? ??????????? . ??? ??????? ?? Kali Gandaki? ???? Trishuli? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? Trishuli ???????? ???? Daraudi ?Seti ?Madi ?Marsyandi ?Budhi Gandaki.

????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? (?????) ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? Gandak ??? ?????? ?????? ????? 300 ??????? (190 ???) ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? . ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? (????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????). ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? 7,620 ??????? ???? (2,940 ??? ²).

?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? Siwaliks ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ^[3] ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????.

??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? 1025 ????? ??????? ?338 ?????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????.

??? ???? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????????? (???????????) - ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? (??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????)? ?????????? (????????)? ??????? (??? ??? ?????? 10 ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????) ???????? (???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????) ?????? ?? ?????.

?? ??????? ????????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? Gandaki ???? ???? ?????? Syangja ??????? Palpa ?? Ramghat

??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ?? Shiva Purana? Kumarakhand? ?? ??? ??? Shankhachuda. ?????? 1 ?? " The Living Planet "? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ?? Kali Gandaki Gorge.

????????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????.

????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? 932 ??????? ???? (360 ??? ²). ????? ??? 1973? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1984. ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????. ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? . ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? 1951 ???? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????.

????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? Valmiki Sanctuary ????? 800 ??????? ???? (310 ??? ²) ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????. ^[4] ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? 100 ??????? (62 ???) ?? Bettiah ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? Valmikinagar ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? Narkatiaganj. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 1994. ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? 1998? ??? ?? ?????? ???? 53 ?? ???????? ?145 ?????? ?26 ?? ??????? ?13 ????????. ^[5] ?????? ?????? ^[6]

???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????: ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? hill mynah ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? 1998? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? 84 ????? ?? ??????? (????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????) ?32 ????? ??????? ?81 ????? ?? ???????.

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???? [ ??? ]

??? Valmiki Ashram ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ????? 7 ?? ?? ????????????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? Valmikinagar ?????? ?? Gandak Barrage? ?? ????? ??????.

???????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? Saligrama ?? Muktinath ?????? (≪???? ?????? place of salvation≫) ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? shaligrams ?? shilas ?????? aniconic ????? ??????? ????? . ???? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ≪???? ????????≫. ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.

??????? ??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? (????? ?????? ???)? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????.

??????? ??? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? Valmikinagar ?? Lauriya-Nandangarh ?Someshwar Fort.

???? ?? ???? ?????? ^[7] ????? 1 ??????? ??? ??????-????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? 35 ??? (11 ?) ???? 35 ≪??? ??????? ?22≫ ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? 2300 ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? Bhitiharawa Ashram ?? ????? ?? ???? Gaunaha. ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????.

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? 10000 ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? . ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? 2000-3000 ???. ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???. ^[8]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ??????????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ????? Sapta Gandaki ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? 20.650 ??????? (???? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? 5270 ???????) ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? 83.290 ??????? (???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? 42.140 ???????). ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? 600 ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ^[9] ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? 266 ???????? ????? 44?. ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? Trisuli at Nuwakot (21 ???????)? Devighat at Nuwakot (14 ???????)? Pokhra (1 ???????) ?Western Gandak HEP? ?? Nawalparasi (15 ???????)? Marsyangdi ?? Tanahu (69 ???????)? Kali Gandaki ?? Syanja (144 ???????)? ?Syange (2 ???????). ????? Middle Marsyangdi HE (70 ???????) ?? Lamjung ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????.

???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? 80 ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? Upper Marsyangdi HEP (250 ???????). ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ^[10]

???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? IPP.

???? [ ??? ]

????? Gandak ?? Valmikinagar (Bhainsaloton) ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? 37,410 ??????? (23,250 ???)? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ??????? ?? 4 ?????? 1959 ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? 33 ??? (108 ???) ???? ???? ??? ???? Triveni ??????. ^[11] ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??? 1964 ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? "???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? 1968-1969 ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ^[12] ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? 11,510 ??????? ???? (4,440 ??? ²)? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1960 ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 1975 ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? 103,500 ??? (419 ??? ²) . ^[13]

??? ?? ????? ???? Gandak ?????? ??????????? ???? 15 ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? Gandak ???????. ^[14]

????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????????. ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ???? ????? ≪????? ?????????≫ ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????. ^[15]

??????? ??? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????. ???? ???????? ??? (?) ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? (?) ???? ??????? ?????? ??? 1 ?? ????? ?? ≪???? ????≫ ??? ??????? ? (?) ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????.

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Garzione? C. N. ? Quade, J.? DeCelles, P.G.? English, N.B. (2000). "Predicting paleoelevation of Tibet and the Himalaya from δ18O vs. altitude gradients in meteoric water across the Nepal Himalaya". Earth and Planetary Science Letters . ?. 183 ?. 1?2: 215?229. Bibcode : 2000E&PSL.183..215G . DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00252-1 .
^ Annapurna (1:100,000 map), Nepal-Kartenwerk der Arbeitgemeinschaft fur vergleichende Hochgebirgsforschung Nr. 9, Nelles Verlag, Munich, 1993. Also see Google Earth ???? ?????? 9 ?????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "hydro-india-other" . Industcards.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-09-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-28 .
^ "Valmiki National Park" . The Hindu . 7 ???? 2007. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-01-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-10-25 .
^ "Archived copy" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-04-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-12-03 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )
^ "Valmiki Sanctuary" . Forest.bih.nic.in. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-09-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-28 .
^ "Archived copy" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-07-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-12-02 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )
^ Rahman? Maseeh (4 ???? 2007). "Shepherd leads experts to ancient Buddha cave paintings | World news | guardian.co.uk" . London: Guardian. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-28 .
^ "Nepalnews.com Mercantile Connumications Pvt. Ltd" . Nepalnews.com.np. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2006-10-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-28 .
^ "GMR energy to acquire 80% stake in Nepal's Himtal Power" . News.webindia123.com. 27 ?????? 2007. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-03-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-28 .
^ "Ministry of Water Resources" . Wrmin.nic.in. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-01-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-28 .
^ "Commissioned Projects of BHPC" . Bshpcltd.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-04-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-28 .
^ "Gandak barrage" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-04-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-04-10 .
^ [1] ???? ?????? 7 August 2008 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "Working Group report on Water Resources" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2009-02-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-28 .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[1] Garzione? C. N. ? Quade, J.? DeCelles, P.G.? English, N.B. (2000). "Predicting paleoelevation of Tibet and the Himalaya from δ18O vs. altitude gradients in meteoric water across the Nepal Himalaya". Earth and Planetary Science Letters . ?. 183 ?. 1?2: 215?229. Bibcode : 2000E&PSL.183..215G . DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00252-1 .

[anna_map-2] Annapurna (1:100,000 map), Nepal-Kartenwerk der Arbeitgemeinschaft fur vergleichende Hochgebirgsforschung Nr. 9, Nelles Verlag, Munich, 1993. Also see Google Earth ???? ?????? 9 ?????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[3] "hydro-india-other" . Industcards.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-09-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-28 .

[4] "Valmiki National Park" . The Hindu . 7 ???? 2007. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-01-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-10-25 .

[5] "Archived copy" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-04-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-12-03 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )

[6] "Valmiki Sanctuary" . Forest.bih.nic.in. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-09-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-28 .

[westchamparan.bih.nic.in-7] "Archived copy" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-07-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2007-12-02 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )

[8] Rahman? Maseeh (4 ???? 2007). "Shepherd leads experts to ancient Buddha cave paintings | World news | guardian.co.uk" . London: Guardian. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-28 .

[9] "Nepalnews.com Mercantile Connumications Pvt. Ltd" . Nepalnews.com.np. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2006-10-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-28 .

[10] "GMR energy to acquire 80% stake in Nepal's Himtal Power" . News.webindia123.com. 27 ?????? 2007. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-03-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-28 .

[11] "Ministry of Water Resources" . Wrmin.nic.in. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-01-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-28 .

[12] "Commissioned Projects of BHPC" . Bshpcltd.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-04-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-28 .

[13] "Gandak barrage" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2009-04-10 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-04-10 .

[14] [1] ???? ?????? 7 August 2008 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[15] "Working Group report on Water Resources" (PDF) . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2009-02-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2009-11-28 .

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