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??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ( ?????? Nuclide) ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????? (?????????? ????????????) ???????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? : ????????-3 ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ? 1 ????????

?????-12 ?????? ????? ??? 6 ???????? ? 6 ????????? ?

?????-14 ?????? ????? ??? 6 ???????? ?8 ??????????

????-57 ?????? ????? ??? 26 ???????? ? 31 ?? ????????????

???? ????????-238 ?????? ?? ????? ??? 92 ?????? ??????? (?????????).

???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????: ( ³He, ¹²C, ¹⁴C, ⁵⁷Fe, ²³⁸U)

?????? ?????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????????. ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????. ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????.(???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ).

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???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? (????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? O-C-O ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? 120 ???? ?????? H-O-H [???? ?????]) ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? . ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? (????????) ??????. ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? .

???? ????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? (????? ????????). ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? . ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? . ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????. ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? / ?????? ?? ³He ?? 1 / 2? ??? ???? ??????? / ?????? ?? ?????????? ²³⁸U ???? ???? ??? 3 / 2. (????? ???? ?????????? ??? 92 ?????? ??????? ????????? = 238 - 92 = 146 ??????? ) (???? ????? ?????? ). ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????.

??????? ?? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? . ????? ????? ( ???????? ) ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ( ???? ???? ) ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? .

????????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ?????????? . ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????. ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? (???? ??? ?????? ?????? ). ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???.

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???????????.

??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????.

??????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ????? " ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? " NMR " ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ¹H? ²D? ¹³C? ³¹P.
????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ⁵⁷Fe.
?????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???? (???? ???????) ??? ???????? . ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????????-235 ?? ???????????-239 ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????.

??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

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????? ?????? .
???????? ???????? ?????? .
??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? .
- ???????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???????????.
- ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????????.
- ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????????. ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? . (?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ).
????? ???? ???????

????? [ ??? ]

^ "??????? ?? ???? (??????) ??? ???? jstor.org" . jstor.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-25.
^ "??????? ?? ???? (??????) ??? ???? esu.com.ua" . esu.com.ua. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-09-03.
^ "??????? ?? ???? (??????) ??? ???? nytimes.com" . nytimes.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-05-02.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????

[1] "??????? ?? ???? (??????) ??? ???? jstor.org" . jstor.org. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-25.

[2] "??????? ?? ???? (??????) ??? ???? esu.com.ua" . esu.com.ua. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-09-03.

[3] "??????? ?? ???? (??????) ??? ???? nytimes.com" . nytimes.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-05-02.

[1]

[2]

[3]