???? ??????

???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? . ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? -??? ????? ?????- ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????. ^[1]

?????? 1735 ^[2]	???? 1866 ^[3]	????? 1925 ^[4]	??????? 1938 ^[5]	?????? 1969 ^[6]	??? ?????? 1990 ^[7]	???????-???? 1998 ^[8]	???????-???? 2015 ^[9]
???????	3 ?????	????????????	4 ?????	5 ?????	3 ??????	????????????? 6 ?????	????????????? 7 ?????
(?? ????? ??)	????????	??????? ?????	???????	???????	???????	???????	???????
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????? [ ??? ]

^ "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2024-01-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-06-28 .
^ Linnaeus? C. (1735). Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species .
^ Haeckel? E. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen . Reimer, Berlin.
^ Chatton? E. (1925). " Pansporella perplexa . Reflexions sur la biologie et la phylogenie des protozoaires". Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale . 10-VII: 1?84.
^ Copeland? H. (1938). "The kingdoms of organisms". Quarterly Review of Biology . ?. 13 ?. 4: 383?420. DOI : 10.1086/394568 . S2CID : 84634277 .
^ Whittaker? R. H. (????? 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms". Science . ?. 163 ?. 3863: 150?60. Bibcode : 1969Sci...163..150W . DOI : 10.1126/science.163.3863.150 . PMID : 5762760 .
^ Woese? C.? Kandler? O.? Wheelis? M. (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms:proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . ?. 87 ?. 12: 4576?9. Bibcode : 1990PNAS...87.4576W . DOI : 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 . PMC : 54159 . PMID : 2112744 .
^ Cavalier-Smith? T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life" . Biological Reviews . ?. 73 ?. 3: 203?66. DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x . PMID : 9809012 . S2CID : 6557779 .
^ Ruggiero? Michael A.? Gordon? Dennis P.? Orrell? Thomas M.? Bailly? Nicolas? Bourgoin? Thierry? Brusca? Richard C.? Cavalier-Smith? Thomas? Guiry? Michael D.? Kirk? Paul M.? Thuesen? Erik V. (2015). "A higher level classification of all living organisms" . PLOS ONE . ?. 10 ?. 4: e0119248. Bibcode : 2015PLoSO..1019248R . DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 . PMC : 4418965 . PMID : 25923521 .

??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???????.

[1] "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2024-01-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2024-06-28 .

[Linnaeus1735-2] Linnaeus? C. (1735). Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species .

[Haeckel-3] Haeckel? E. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen . Reimer, Berlin.

[Chatton1925-4] Chatton? E. (1925). " Pansporella perplexa . Reflexions sur la biologie et la phylogenie des protozoaires". Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale . 10-VII: 1?84.

[Copeland1938-5] Copeland? H. (1938). "The kingdoms of organisms". Quarterly Review of Biology . ?. 13 ?. 4: 383?420. DOI : 10.1086/394568 . S2CID : 84634277 .

[Whittaker1969-6] Whittaker? R. H. (????? 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms". Science . ?. 163 ?. 3863: 150?60. Bibcode : 1969Sci...163..150W . DOI : 10.1126/science.163.3863.150 . PMID : 5762760 .

[Woese1990-7] Woese? C.? Kandler? O.? Wheelis? M. (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms:proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . ?. 87 ?. 12: 4576?9. Bibcode : 1990PNAS...87.4576W . DOI : 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 . PMC : 54159 . PMID : 2112744 .

[CavalierSmith2004-8] Cavalier-Smith? T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life" . Biological Reviews . ?. 73 ?. 3: 203?66. DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x . PMID : 9809012 . S2CID : 6557779 .

[9] Ruggiero? Michael A.? Gordon? Dennis P.? Orrell? Thomas M.? Bailly? Nicolas? Bourgoin? Thierry? Brusca? Richard C.? Cavalier-Smith? Thomas? Guiry? Michael D.? Kirk? Paul M.? Thuesen? Erik V. (2015). "A higher level classification of all living organisms" . PLOS ONE . ?. 10 ?. 4: e0119248. Bibcode : 2015PLoSO..1019248R . DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0119248 . PMC : 4418965 . PMID : 25923521 .

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