???? ??????? ??????

??????? ????
??? ???? ??	???? ??????
??? ??	???? ????? ????????

???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? (TLD) ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? . ^[1] ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????.

?????? ?? ?????? www.example.com? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? com.

???? **???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????**

?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? (ICANN)? ????? ???? ????? (IANA)? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? DNS.

????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????: ^[2]

?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? (ccTLD).
?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (gTLD).
?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? (sTLD).
?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? (uTLD).
???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? (.arpa)

??????	??????	????
com	????? (commercial)	amazon.com
edu	??????	memphis.edu
gov	????? (???? ???? ??????)	whitehouse.gov
int	????? ?????	nato.int
mil	?????	army.mil
net	????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????	tedata.net
org	???????? ????? (??????)? ?????? ??? ???? ?????	egyptianrc.org
co	????	smaat.co
info	?????/????	saudi-banks.info
tv	??????	twitch.tv

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???: ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ^[3] ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? (arpa) ^[4]? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????.

??????? [ ??? ]

???????? ?? ??? 2015?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????: ^[5]

???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (ARPA): ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? .
?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (gTLD): ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????.
?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (grTLD): ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? .
?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? (sTLD): ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? TLD.
?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? (ccTLD): ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????????. ?? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ISO 3166 ?????? ?? ?????.
- ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? (IDN ccTLD): ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? (??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????).
?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (tTLD): ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? .test ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? IDN? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? .

??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? (ISO)? ^[6] ???? ???? ????????? (??? ???? ??????? .uk).

????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? gov ?edu ?com ?mil ?org ?net. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? .info

?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????.

???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? 2009? ^[7] ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? 2010? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? . ??? ???? 2010? ???? 21 ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? 11 ?????. ^[8]

???????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? (nato) ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? . ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? (TLD int) ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????-????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? 1996.

????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? (????? ???? ??????)? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ???? .nu

????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? .tv ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? .fm ?????? ??????? (??????? ????????). ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? .cc ??? ???? ??? Com. ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? Com..

???????? ??????? ??????? ^[9][ ??? ]

??? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????:

?????? ????? ????? ??????
???? ???? ?????? ??????????	?????1 ???	?????2 ???	?????3 ????
com	?	???	????
net	?	???	????
edu	?	???	??????
gov	?	???	?????
org	?	???	?????
mil	?	????	?????
int	?	???	????
info	?	??? ?? ???	?????

????? [ ??? ]

^ <schultz@num.net>, Mark Schultz. "Creation of and Registration in the ".NUM" Top Level Domain" . tools.ietf.org (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-03-20 . Retrieved 2018-08-25 .
^ "IANA ? Root Zone Database" . www.iana.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-08-25 .
^ J., Postel,; J.K., Reynolds,. "Domain requirements" . tools.ietf.org (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-03-22 . Retrieved 2018-08-25 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? ( link ) ????? ?????????: ?????? ????? ????? ( link )
^ Postel, J. "Domain name system implementation schedule - revised" . tools.ietf.org (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-03-21 . Retrieved 2018-08-25 .
^ "IANA ? Root Zone Database" . www.iana.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-08-25 .
^ Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries , ISO-3166, International Organization for Standardization. (May 1981) Jump up^
^ Marc, Krochmal,; Stuart, Cheshire,. "Multicast DNS" . tools.ietf.org (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-04-18 . Retrieved 2018-08-25 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? ( link ) ????? ?????????: ?????? ????? ????? ( link )
^ " 'Historic' day for web languages" . BBC News (??????????? ??????????). 6 May 2010. Archived from the original on 2019-05-15 . Retrieved 2018-08-25 .
^ ????? ???????? ??????? - ???? ???? ???? ?????? 2013-01-17 ?? Wayback Machine

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???? ??????? ??????

[1] <schultz@num.net>, Mark Schultz. "Creation of and Registration in the ".NUM" Top Level Domain" . tools.ietf.org (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-03-20 . Retrieved 2018-08-25 .

[2] "IANA ? Root Zone Database" . www.iana.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-08-25 .

[3] J., Postel,; J.K., Reynolds,. "Domain requirements" . tools.ietf.org (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-03-22 . Retrieved 2018-08-25 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? ( link ) ????? ?????????: ?????? ????? ????? ( link )

[4] Postel, J. "Domain name system implementation schedule - revised" . tools.ietf.org (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-03-21 . Retrieved 2018-08-25 .

[5] "IANA ? Root Zone Database" . www.iana.org . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-08-25 .

[6] Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries , ISO-3166, International Organization for Standardization. (May 1981) Jump up^

[7] Marc, Krochmal,; Stuart, Cheshire,. "Multicast DNS" . tools.ietf.org (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-04-18 . Retrieved 2018-08-25 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ????? ??????: ????? ???????? ( link ) ????? ?????????: ?????? ????? ????? ( link )

[8] " 'Historic' day for web languages" . BBC News (??????????? ??????????). 6 May 2010. Archived from the original on 2019-05-15 . Retrieved 2018-08-25 .

[9] ????? ???????? ??????? - ???? ???? ???? ?????? 2013-01-17 ?? Wayback Machine

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???????? ??????? ??????? ^[9][ ??? ]