???? ?????

?????? ??????? (????????????) ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ???????????? ?????????. ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

???? ???? ???????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? (1772-1795). ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ≪????????≫ ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ^[5]

?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? (1917? ??? ????? ≪????????????≫ ??? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? (???????? ???????? ???????) ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????. ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????. ^[6]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????? (????????) ??? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (?????? ?????????? ??????????) ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? (???????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ) ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?????. ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? (????? ??????? ??????)? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? (????? ?????) ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????. ^[7]

???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? 2008 ≪???? ????????????≫? 1750-1831? ???? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. ^[8]

??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?? ????? ≪?? ?? ?????≫ ???? ??? ??? 1844. ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ^[9]

?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ???????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? Intelligents ????? ?? ?????? ????????? Intelligenz (??????) ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ???????????? (????? ??????? ?????????????) ????? ???????? (????? ??????? ???????). ^[10]^[11]^[12]

?? ??? 2006? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??? ????? ??????: ^[13]

????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????
??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????
??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????
???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? (???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????)? ???????
?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????????
?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????
?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????
?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????- ????? ????? ??????.
????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? (??????? ?? ??????)? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????
??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????? (??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????).

????? [ ??? ]

^ "intelligentsia noun ? Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes" . Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-10.
^ Williams, Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (1983) Rev. Ed., p. 170.
^ Kizwalter? Tomasz (?????? 2009). "The History of the Polish Intelligentsia" (PDF) . Acta Poloniae Historica . transl. by Agnieszka Kreczmar: 241?242. ISSN : 0001-6829 . ????? ?? ????? (PDF file, direct download) ?? 2017-12-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-16 . Jerzy Jedlicki (ed.), Dzieje inteligencji polskiej do roku 1918 [The History of the Polish Intelligentsia until 1918]; and: Maciej Janowski, Narodziny inteligencji, 1750?1831 [The Rise of the Intelligentsia, 1750?1831].
^ Pascal Ory and Jean-Francois Sirinelli, Les Intellectuels en France. De l'affaire Dreyfus a nos jours ( The Intellectuals in France: From the Dreyfus Affair to Our Days ), Paris: Armand Colin, 2002, p. 10.
^ Billington, James H. Fire in the Minds of Men (0000), p. 231.
^ Oxford English Dictionary, p. 1387.
^ Szpakowska? Malgorzata. "Dzieje inteligencji polskiej do roku 1918 [History of Intelligentsia Before 1918 in Poland]" . Zeszyty Literackie (Literary Letters): 1 / 6. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-05-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-16 . Dzieje inteligencji polskiej do roku 1918 ed. by Jerzy Jedlicki. Vol. I: Maciej Janowski, Narodziny inteligencji 1750?1831 ; Vol. II: Jerzy Jedlicki, Bł?dne koło 1832?1864 ; Vol. III: Magdalena Mici?ska, Inteligencja na rozdro?ach 1864?1918 . Warsaw, ?????????? ????????? ?????? Institute of History ? Neriton, 2008, s. 260, 322, 232. {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????????? ?????? ????? ???? |????? ?????= ( ?????? )
^ Janowski? Maciej (2008). Jedlicki? Jerzy (??????). Birth of the Intelligentsia ? 1750?1831: A History of the Polish Intelligentsia, Part 1 . Geschichte Erinnerung Politik: Posener Studien Zur Geschichts-, Kultur- Und Politikwissenschaft. ?????: Korecki? Tristan. Peter Lang Edition (????? ?? 2014). ?. 7. ISBN : 9783631623756 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-06 .
^ Dr hab., Prof. UW Andrzej Szwarc (2009). "Kryteria i granice podziałow w badaniach nad inteligencj? polsk?" [Criteria and Divisions in Research of Polish Intelligentsia]. Instytut Historyczny UW ( ????? ????? Institute of History). ????? ?? ????? ?? 17 ?????? 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? 16 ?????? 2013 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????????? ?????? ????? ???? |????? ?????= ( ?????? )
^ С. В. Мотин. О понятии ≪интеллигенция≫ в творчестве И. С. Аксакова и П. Д. Боборыкина . Известия Пензенского государственного педагогического университета им. В.Г. Белинского, 27, 2012 (in Russian) ???? ?????? 2016-10-02 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Пётр Боборыкин. Русская интеллигенция . Русская мысль, 1904, № 12 (in Russian)
^ Пётр Боборыкин. Подгнившие "Вехи" . Сб. статей В защиту интеллигенции . Москва, 1909, с. 119?138; первоначально опубл. в газете "Русское слово", No 111, 17 (30) мая, 1909 (in Russian) ???? ?????? 2019-07-05 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Tepikin, V. (2006). Culture and Intelligentsia . Ivanovo: Ivanovo University Press

[1] "intelligentsia noun ? Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes" . Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-10.

[2] Williams, Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (1983) Rev. Ed., p. 170.

[rcin.org.pl-3] Kizwalter? Tomasz (?????? 2009). "The History of the Polish Intelligentsia" (PDF) . Acta Poloniae Historica . transl. by Agnieszka Kreczmar: 241?242. ISSN : 0001-6829 . ????? ?? ????? (PDF file, direct download) ?? 2017-12-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-16 . Jerzy Jedlicki (ed.), Dzieje inteligencji polskiej do roku 1918 [The History of the Polish Intelligentsia until 1918]; and: Maciej Janowski, Narodziny inteligencji, 1750?1831 [The Rise of the Intelligentsia, 1750?1831].

[4] Pascal Ory and Jean-Francois Sirinelli, Les Intellectuels en France. De l'affaire Dreyfus a nos jours ( The Intellectuals in France: From the Dreyfus Affair to Our Days ), Paris: Armand Colin, 2002, p. 10.

[5] Billington, James H. Fire in the Minds of Men (0000), p. 231.

[6] Oxford English Dictionary, p. 1387.

[Szpakowska-7] Szpakowska? Malgorzata. "Dzieje inteligencji polskiej do roku 1918 [History of Intelligentsia Before 1918 in Poland]" . Zeszyty Literackie (Literary Letters): 1 / 6. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-05-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-12-16 . Dzieje inteligencji polskiej do roku 1918 ed. by Jerzy Jedlicki. Vol. I: Maciej Janowski, Narodziny inteligencji 1750?1831 ; Vol. II: Jerzy Jedlicki, Bł?dne koło 1832?1864 ; Vol. III: Magdalena Mici?ska, Inteligencja na rozdro?ach 1864?1918 . Warsaw, ?????????? ????????? ?????? Institute of History ? Neriton, 2008, s. 260, 322, 232. {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????????? ?????? ????? ???? |????? ?????= ( ?????? )

[8] Janowski? Maciej (2008). Jedlicki? Jerzy (??????). Birth of the Intelligentsia ? 1750?1831: A History of the Polish Intelligentsia, Part 1 . Geschichte Erinnerung Politik: Posener Studien Zur Geschichts-, Kultur- Und Politikwissenschaft. ?????: Korecki? Tristan. Peter Lang Edition (????? ?? 2014). ?. 7. ISBN : 9783631623756 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-06 .

[Szwarc-9] Dr hab., Prof. UW Andrzej Szwarc (2009). "Kryteria i granice podziałow w badaniach nad inteligencj? polsk?" [Criteria and Divisions in Research of Polish Intelligentsia]. Instytut Historyczny UW ( ????? ????? Institute of History). ????? ?? ????? ?? 17 ?????? 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? 16 ?????? 2013 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????????? ?????? ????? ???? |????? ?????= ( ?????? )

[Motin-10] С. В. Мотин. О понятии ≪интеллигенция≫ в творчестве И. С. Аксакова и П. Д. Боборыкина . Известия Пензенского государственного педагогического университета им. В.Г. Белинского, 27, 2012 (in Russian) ???? ?????? 2016-10-02 ?? Wayback Machine

[Bob1-11] Пётр Боборыкин. Русская интеллигенция . Русская мысль, 1904, № 12 (in Russian)

[Bob2-12] Пётр Боборыкин. Подгнившие "Вехи" . Сб. статей В защиту интеллигенции . Москва, 1909, с. 119?138; первоначально опубл. в газете "Русское слово", No 111, 17 (30) мая, 1909 (in Russian) ???? ?????? 2019-07-05 ?? Wayback Machine

[Tepikin-13] Tepikin, V. (2006). Culture and Intelligentsia . Ivanovo: Ivanovo University Press

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