??? ???? ???? ???????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
  ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? .

????? ???? ??????? ?????? ( ??????????? : Yellow supergiant star )? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? F ?? G . [1] ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????: (Ia / Ib). ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????.

?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? . ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? .

????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? F ? G . ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? A ?????? ????? K . [2] [3] [4] ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? A?????? ???????? ???? F ? G ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? K .

??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????:: [5]

????? [ ??? ]

( ??????? ?????? ??????? 1 RSGC1 ) ????? ??? 14 ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????. . [6]

???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? 4000 ???? ??? 7000 ????. [7] ??????? ??????? ?? ????? 1,000 ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? 100,000 ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? 30 ??? 100 ??? ??? ??? ???? . [8] ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? (????? ???????) ??? ???? ?????? ????? 20 ???? ????? ?? ???? (????: ??810 ?????? ). [7] [9]

???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? . ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? 25,000 ??? ?? ???? ????? O. [10]

?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????  : ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????.

?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????-???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????. ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????.???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????. . ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???. ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? . [11]

??????? ???? R ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????. [12]

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ p. 366, The evolution of massive stars with mass loss, Cesare Chiosi e Andre Maeder, Annual review of astronomy and astrophysics 24 (1986), pp. 329?375. ??? ??? . ????? : 10.1146/annurev.aa.24.090186.001553 .
  2. ^ Chiosi? Cesare? Maeder? Andre (1986). "The Evolution of Massive Stars with Mass Loss" . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics . ?. 24: 329. Bibcode : 1986ARA&A..24..329C . DOI : 10.1146/annurev.aa.24.090186.001553 .
  3. ^ Giridhar? S.? Ferro? A.? Parrao? L. (1997). "Elemental Abundances and Atmospheric Parameters of Seven F-G Supergiants". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . ?. 109: 1077. Bibcode : 1997PASP..109.1077G . DOI : 10.1086/133978 .
  4. ^ Drout? Maria R.? Massey? Philip? Meynet? Georges (2012). "The Yellow and Red Supergiants of M33". The Astrophysical Journal . ?. 750 ?. 2: 97. arXiv : 1203.0247 . Bibcode : 2012ApJ...750...97D . DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/97 .
  5. ^ Garcia? B. (1989). "A list of MK standard stars". Bulletin d'Information du Centre de Donnees Stellaires . ?. 36: 27. Bibcode : 1989BICDS..36...27G .
  6. ^ Figer? Donald F.? MacKenty? John W.? Robberto? Massimo? Smith? Kester? Najarro? Francisco? Kudritzki? Rolf P.? Herrero? Artemio (2006). "Discovery of an Extraordinarily Massive Cluster of Red Supergiants". The Astrophysical Journal . ?. 643 ?. 2: 1166. arXiv : astro-ph/0602146 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ...643.1166F . DOI : 10.1086/503275 .
  7. ^ ? ? Parsons? S. B. (1971). "Effective temperatures, intrinsic colours, and surface gravities of yellow supergiants and cepheids" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . ?. 152: 121. Bibcode : 1971MNRAS.152..121P . DOI : 10.1093/mnras/152.1.121 .
  8. ^ Burki? G. (1978). "The semi-period-luminosity-color relation for supergiant stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics . ?. 65: 357. Bibcode : 1978A&A....65..357B .
  9. ^ Gonzalez? Guillermo? Lambert? David L.? Giridhar? Sunetra (1997). "Abundance Analyses of the Field RV Tauri Variables: EP Lyrae, DY Orionis, AR Puppis, and R Sagittae". The Astrophysical Journal . ?. 479: 427. Bibcode : 1997ApJ...479..427G . DOI : 10.1086/303852 .
  10. ^ Drout? Maria R.? Massey? Philip? Meynet? Georges? Tokarz? Susan? Caldwell? Nelson (2009). "Yellow Supergiants in the Andromeda Galaxy (M31)". The Astrophysical Journal . ?. 703: 441. arXiv : 0907.5471 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ...703..441D . DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/703/1/441 .
  11. ^ Majaess? D. J.? Turner? D. G.? Lane? D. J. (2009). "Characteristics of the Galaxy according to Cepheids". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . ?. 398: 263. arXiv : 0903.4206 . Bibcode : 2009MNRAS.398..263M . DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15096.x .
  12. ^ Asplund? M.? Gustafsson? B.? Lambert? D. L.? Rao? N. K. (2000). "The R Coronae Borealis stars ? atmospheres and abundances". Astronomy and Astrophysics . ?. 353: 287. Bibcode : 2000A&A...353..287A .
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