???? (?????)

??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? .
??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????.

???? ??? = 10 ^?9 ??? (???? ???? )
???? (???? ??? ??? ?????? 1985) : ???? ??? ??? ????.
???? (?????)
???? (???? ??? ???) : ???? ??? ??? ???????.
???? ????? = 10 ^?9 ????? (???? ???? )
????? ?????? : ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ? ??? ????? = 10 ^?9 ???.
???? ??????
????? ??????
?? ??? ????
??? ??????
??? ???? : ???? ????
???? ???? : ???? ?????.