?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
???? ????? ????? ???????
?? ???? ????? ????
???? ????? ?????
??? ???????? ??
????? ????? ?????
??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ??
??????? ????????
? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???:
???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??
????? ?????? ??????
?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????.
??? ???????
[
???
]
????? ??????? ????????? ???:
???????? ???????
?????
????? ???
?????? ???????
(???:
???????
??????
)
?????????
?????????
?????? ????????
????????
????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????.
???????? ???????
[
???
]
?????
????? ????? ?????? ?????????
?? ?? ?? ??? ?? 23,000 ??? 75,000 ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???.
[1]
???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? 88 ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 2004. ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? 10 ??????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? 0.01 ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???.
[2]
????? ?????
[
???
]
??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????.
??
??????? ???????
? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????. ????
?????
????? 55 ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? 2001.
[3]
?? ????
??? ??????
?????? ?????? ???:
?????
? ??? ?????? ????
?????
????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????.
[4]
??
???????
? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??
?????? ????????
???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? 97 ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????.
[5]
?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????
?????? ?? ????
?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????.
??? ??????? ???????? ???????
[
???
]
???? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??
????? ?????? ??????
?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????
???????
?????
???????
???? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? (?????
????????
) ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ???????
??? ???????
???????? ???? ????
????????
?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????
?????????
???????
??????? ???????
???????. ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???:
???????? ???????
??? ??? ???????
????? ?????
????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????.
[6]
???? ?????
[
???
]
?????
[
???
]
- ^
"Sanitary Sewer Overflows"
.
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 16 ?????? 2015. ????? ??
?????
?? 2020-06-23.
- ^
Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of CSOs and SSOs
(Report). EPA. ????? 2004. EPA-833-R-04-001. ????? ??
?????
?? 2020-06-23.
- ^
"
????? ??????
Supports China's Wastewater Treatment",
The People’s Daily
, November 30, 2001, Beijing
- ^
Massoud Tajrishy and Ahmad Abrishamchi, "Integrated Approach to Water and Wastewater Management for
?????
,
?????
",
????? ??????? ??????
, Reuse, and Recycling: Proceedings of the Iranian-American Workshop, National Academies Press (2005)
- ^
Appropriate Technology for Sewage Pollution Control in the Wider
????????
Region, Caribbean Environment Programme Technical Report #40 1998
- ^
Johnson, S. P., Jang, S., Gulland, F.M.D., Miller, M., Casper, D., Lawrence, J., Herrera, J.,
"Characterization and clinical manifestations of Arcanobacterium phocae infections in marine mammals stranded along the central California coast"
,
Journal of Wildlife Diseases
, 39:136-144 (2003).
???? ??????
2011-09-30 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
[
???? ??????
]
