???????? ???????
??? ?? ????? ??
??????? ???????
??? ?????? ???????. ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????
????
?? ??????
????????
? ???? ????????
???????
????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????.
??????
??????? ???????
?? ?????????? ?????? ??
?????? ?????????
?? ???? ????? ???
?????
?????????
? ????? ??? ???
?????
????????
????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ??
????????
????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????.
[1]
????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????. ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????.
???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????
[
???
]
??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??????
??????? ???????
??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????
?????????
?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????.
??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????
??????? ???????
??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ≪??????≫ ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????
???????
???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????.
??? ??????
????????
?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ≪?? ?????? ????≫ ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????.
??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? (?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????)? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ≪????? ????????≫? ???? ??? ???? ≪?????≫ ???? ??? ?????
?????? ???????
? ????? ??? ????
????? ??????
????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ≪????????≫ ???? ??? ???? ≪?????≫ ??????? (???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?
?????
? ????? ???????.
???????? ???????
?? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????
?????????
??
?????????
? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????.
???????? ??????? ????? ??????
????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ???? ????? 3 ? ?? ??? ??????
??? ????
????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??
?????? ??????
???????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ≪???? ??? ????≫? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???
??????
????????
?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ≪??????? ???????≫? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????.
???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????
[
???
]
?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???
???? ??? ????
1805 - 1848. ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????
??????
. ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????
?????????
?????
????????
??????? ??????
?????????
??????
?????
. ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????
???? ?????
.??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????
????? ??????
?? ???? ?????
??????
??????? ????
??
???????
.????? ?????
?????
???? ????? ????
????????
???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????
??????
? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????.???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????.???? ????? ??????
?????
??????
?????
? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????
?????? ??????
.
? ??? ????? ????
??????
???? ?? ?????????? ????????
?????????
??????
???????
???? ??????
???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???
???? ??????
. ???? ???????????? ?????
???????
??????
??????
???????
???? ??????? ?????? ??????
?????
???????
?????
. ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???
???
??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????
?????
?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??
??????
?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ????. ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????
?????????
.
????? ??????
??????? ???????
1863 - 1879 ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????
???????
? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????
??????? ?????????
??????? ???? ???????. ???????? ??????
???? ??????
??? ??????? ??????? ?????
??? ??????? ???????
???? ????????? ???????? ??????
????
??????
????? ?????
???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????.
???? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??
?????
??????? ??????
??????
? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??
?????
?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????
???????
??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????
??????????
???? ?????? ?????
????????
. ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???
???? ????????
1847 - 1901 ???? ????
??????? ???????
?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????
????? ?????
??
?????
???? ???? ???
??????
??? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ???? ≪
???? ?????
≫ ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????????.
????
????? ????????
????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ???????? ??????
????
??? 1845 ???? ????? ????? ?? ????
???????
??? ???? ???? ???????. ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???
?????
????? ???? ???????
??? ?????? ??????
. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????
????????
??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????.
???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????
????? ?????
1852 - 1917 ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????
???????
?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? 1888 ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ≪????? ??????≫ ??????? ≪???? ????? ???????≫ ??????. ????? ?????
?????
????????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??
?????
????????
??????
??????
??????
???? ?? ????? ???. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????
????????
????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????.
?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????
????? ???????
1885- 1965 ??? ???? ??? ??? ????
??????
. ?????? ??
????? ?????
????? ???
?? ????? ?????? ????? 1915. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????. ????
????? ???????
?? ????? ???????
?????????
????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????.
???????? ?? ??? ?????????
[
???
]
?? ????
????? ???????
??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???
1905
?? ???????? ??? ?????????
?????? ?????
??? ???????
????? ???????
???
????? ???????? ??????
. ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? 5
?????
???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???
1880
???? ???? ??? ??? ?????????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????.
???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????
????????
???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??
?????
???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???
???????
? ??????? ???????
????? ???????
???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????
???? ??? ??????
???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???. ???? ?????
???????? ???????
???? ?? ?????????? ????
????????
? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????.
?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????
???? ????????
?????? ????
1870 - 1937 ?????? ????????? ?????
??? ?????
1892 - 1923. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ?????
??????????
???? ?????? ?????
????????
???? ??? ??????? ????? ≪?????? ????????≫. ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? 1917 ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????.
?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????
??? ??????
????? ????
????????
????? ???????
(????????)?
?????? ??????
????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????
???????
.????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????.
?? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? 1925 - 1935 ?? ???? ??
???? ????????
??????? ?? ???? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ?????
???? ??? ??????
??? ?????
????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???
??????????
???? ??? ?????
??????
? ???? ?????? ???
????? ????
????? ??? ????
????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???
????? ????
????? ???
.
??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????
???????
???
???
. ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???
??????? ??????
???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????????
???? ????
???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? 1944 ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????
??? ?????
????? ????
??????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????
??? ?????
???? ????
????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???
1958
???
???? ????
??? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????
???? ??????
? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?
???? ??? ??????
?????? ?????
?? ?????
?????? ?? ???????? ??????.
?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????
???????? ???????
???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???
??????????
? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????
???? ??? ??????
???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????.
??????? ???????
[
???
]
???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????
???? ????
? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????
???? ????
????? ???????
????????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ???
????? ????
????? ??? ??????
????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????.
????? ?????
???? ????
????? ???????
? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????.
???
???? ??? ??????
1911 - 1991 ????? ????? ?????
????? ?????
???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? 1927 ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??
??????????
??? ?????
???????????
????????
??????????
???????????
? ??? ???? ???? ????? ≪??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???≫ ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????.
??? ?????? ??????? ???????
???? ????????
1906
-
1981
. ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ?????
???? ????
??????
???? ????????
?????
?? ?????
?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????.
?? ??? 1964 ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ≪??? ????≫ ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???
1973
. ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????????
???? ??????
????? ??????
????? ????
.
?????? ???????
[
???
]
??? ??????????? ???
??????
??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???
???? ??? ??????
??? ?????
?? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???
???????
???? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???
???? ??????
???? ??? ?? ????
??????
??
?????
?????
???????
???? ??????? ????? ??????
???????
???????? ????????
????? ????
????? ????
?????
???? ????
??????.
????? ??????
???? ????
?? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???
??? ?????
????? ????
. ??? ??? ?????
??? ?????
???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????. ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????
???? ????
?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ???
1958
. ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???
???? ?????
???? ?????? ?????
????? ????????
. ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???????.
?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????
??? ?????? ????
1929 -1977. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??
???? ???????? ???????
? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ??
???? ??????
????? ??????
? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????.
?????? ???????? ???????
???? ??????
???
1974
?
??? ?????
???
1975
???? ?????? ????
???
1977
?????? ????
???
1983
????? ??? ??????
1991
?
????? ????
1993
?
????? ??????
???
1995
.
???????? ??????? ???????
[
???
]
???????? ???????
?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????. ??? ?? ????
???????? ??????? ???????
. (
?????? ?????????
) ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????
??????? ????? ???? ??????
(1898-1975) ??
?????? ????? ????????
???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? (?????? ????? ????????) ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ≪????? ???????≫ ????? ?? ???? ≪???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??
????????
???????
????? ?????
??????? ???????
.≫
??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????
?????
???????
. ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? 26 ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? (
???? ?????
) ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???
????
????????
?????
?????????
????????
??????
??????
?????? ??????
-??? ?????
?????? ????????
-
?????? ??????
. ?????? ?????? ??
???????
??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??
???? ?????
?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????
???????
?????????
?????????
????????
????????
(
????? ???
)
?????????
(????? ?????). ??? ????? ?????? ???
???? ?????
??
???? ??????
???
???????
?????
????????
?????????
????????
.
???? ?????
?????? ????????
?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ≪?????≫ ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????
????? ????????
??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????
???????
????????
???????
? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ≪??? ???≫ ???
??????
??????? ?? ????????
??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????.
?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????
????? ??????
??? ?? ????? ?????? ???
?????
??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????:
??????
?
??????
?
??????
?
??????
?
????? ??????
?
??????????
?
????? ?????
? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????
?????????
????????
??????
???????
(??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???)
??????? ???????
(
????????
) ?????? .
???? ?????
[
???
]
?????
[
???
]
|
---|
|
| |
????? ?????? ???? ???????
|
|
|
---|
??? ???????
| |
---|
??? ???????
| |
---|
?????? ??? ???
| |
---|