???? ?????

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??? ??	??? ????????????

????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? . ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? 30 ???? 300 ????????. ^[1] ??? ???? 300 ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? 1 ??? ???? 30 ???? ???? ????? ?????? 10 ???? ???????. ??? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? . ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????. ^[2] ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????.

????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????. ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? (???? ??????? ???????)? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ( ?????? ??????? ) ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? (???? ??????? ????????)? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????.

???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ( ?? ?? ?? )? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ≪????? ????????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? 3000 ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????≫. ^[3] ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????.

???????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1867. ^[4] ????? ?????? ???????? -???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? - ??? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ≪???? ?????????????≫. ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????.

?? ??? 1887? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????: ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? 1894-1895. ^[5] ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? 1909 ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 1900. ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ≪???? ???????≫ ??? ????? ?????? ≪?????? ????????≫ ????? ??? 1912.

??????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????. ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? . ???? ???? ???????? ???? ≪ ???? ????? ?????? ≫ ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????.

??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ^[6]^[7] ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????.

????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? (????/ ??? ??????) ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? 299,792,458 ????? (983,571,056 ?????) ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? 1????. ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? 1 ????????? 299.8 ??? (984 ?????).

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? -???? ??? ??? ????? ??????- ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????: ^[8]

?? ?????: ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????. ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? 30 ????????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? 64 ?? (40 ???) ???????. ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????.
???????? ??? ???????: ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????.
??????? ???????: ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? 2 ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? (?? ?? ??) ????????? ????? ???????? (?? ?? ??) ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????.
??????? ????????: ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? (????????) ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ≪??????≫ ?? ≪?????? ????????≫. ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????. ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Altgelt? CA (2005). "The World's Largest "Radio" Station" (PDF) . hep.wisc.edu . High Energy Physics @ ????? ????????-??????? . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2018-12-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-01-09 .
^ Ellingson? Steven W. (2016). Radio Systems Engineering . Cambridge University Press. ?. 16?17. ISBN : 1316785165 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-07. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |name-list-format= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |name-list-style= ( ?????? )
^ "Ch. 1: Terminology and technical characteristics - Terms and definitions". Radio Regulations (PDF) . Geneva: ITU . 2016. ?. 7. ISBN : 9789261191214 . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2019-10-28.
^ Harman? Peter Michael (1998). The natural philosophy of James Clerk Maxwell . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ?. 6. ISBN : 0-521-00585-X . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |name-list-format= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |name-list-style= ( ?????? )
^ Rubin? J. "Heinrich Hertz: The Discovery of Radio Waves" . Juliantrubin.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-11-08 .
^ "Electromagnetic Frequency, Wavelength and Energy Ultra Calculator" . 1728.org . 1728 Software Systems. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-15 .
^ "How Radio Waves Are Produced" . NRAO . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-03-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-15 .
^ Seybold? John S. (2005). "1.2 Modes of Propagation". Introduction to RF Propagation . John Wiley and Sons. ?. 3?10. ISBN : 0471743682 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-02-16. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |name-list-format= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |name-list-style= ( ?????? )

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???? ?????

[1] Altgelt? CA (2005). "The World's Largest "Radio" Station" (PDF) . hep.wisc.edu . High Energy Physics @ ????? ????????-??????? . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2018-12-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-01-09 .

[Ellingson-2] Ellingson? Steven W. (2016). Radio Systems Engineering . Cambridge University Press. ?. 16?17. ISBN : 1316785165 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-07. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |name-list-format= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |name-list-style= ( ?????? )

[3] "Ch. 1: Terminology and technical characteristics - Terms and definitions". Radio Regulations (PDF) . Geneva: ITU . 2016. ?. 7. ISBN : 9789261191214 . ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2019-10-28.

[Harman1998-4] Harman? Peter Michael (1998). The natural philosophy of James Clerk Maxwell . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ?. 6. ISBN : 0-521-00585-X . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |name-list-format= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |name-list-style= ( ?????? )

[5] Rubin? J. "Heinrich Hertz: The Discovery of Radio Waves" . Juliantrubin.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-15 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-11-08 .

[6] "Electromagnetic Frequency, Wavelength and Energy Ultra Calculator" . 1728.org . 1728 Software Systems. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-15 .

[7] "How Radio Waves Are Produced" . NRAO . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-03-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-15 .

[Seybold-8] Seybold? John S. (2005). "1.2 Modes of Propagation". Introduction to RF Propagation . John Wiley and Sons. ?. 3?10. ISBN : 0471743682 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-02-16. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ?????? ??? ??????? |name-list-format= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |name-list-style= ( ?????? )

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