?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
??? ???? ??? ???
(14 ????? 1859 - ???? 1937)? ???? ????? ???? ??
???????
? ????? ?????????? (??????? ???????). ????? ???
??????? ???????
? ??? ????? ???? ????
????
??? ?????? ????????
????????
. ??? ??? ??? ??????
??? ???????
??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????
?????? ???? ????
.
?????
[
???
]
?????
[
???
]
???
???
??? ??? ???
[1]
?? 1?? ????? ??????
1275??
??????? 14 ?????
1859?
?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????
????????
. ????? ?????? ?? ?????
????? ????
???????. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???
???????
?????????
?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????
??? ?????
. ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????
????? ???????
??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????.
?? ??? ???
?????
??????
???? 15 ?? ???? ?? ?????
1290?
???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???
???? ?????
?????? ???? ?????? ??????
?????? ??????
???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1295? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ???????? ??
?????
??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????
????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????
[
???
]
???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????
???? ?????
?
??????? ??????
?????
??? ????
???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????
???? ??????
?????. ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????
??????
[
???
]
??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????
- ?? ???
1301??
???? ??? ???
?????
???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????.
- ?? ???
1302??
???? ???
?????
(????? ????????)
- ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????
???? ????? ??????
.
- ??? ???
1307??
?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???
??????
??? ??????? ??? ?????
???
??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??
?????
?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???. ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????
???? ??????????
.
- ?? ???
1904?
??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????????
????? ??????? ????
[
???
]
??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???:
[2]
- ????? ???????: ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????: ??? ??? ??? ????. ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????.
- ???????????: ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? { ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????... ??? } ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????
- ????? ??????: ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? -????- ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????. ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? { ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? } ?{ ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????} ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???
??? ????
? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????.
?????? ?? ????? ???
[
???
]
- ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??
?????? ??????????
???? ?? ??? ??? ??????????? ????.
- ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????
- ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????
- ???? ??
??? ??????? ??? ?????
???????
??? ?????
?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????.
- ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????.
- ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ????????? ???? ??????.
?????? ???????
[
???
]
??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????
- ????? ???? ?? ???? ????
??? ?????? ???
1315??
???????
1897?
??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????
?? ??? ??? ????
?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???
???? ??????
. ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ≪??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????≫.
- ??? ???????
: ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???
????
??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????.
- ??? ???????
: ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????
???? ??? ???? ???? ????
.
- ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????:
???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???.
- ??????? ???????:
??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?? 12 ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????
???? ??????
???????
???? ???????
???? ?????
???? ?????
???? ???????
??????
???? ???????
???? ???????
???? ????????
???? ????????
???? ???????? ???? ???????
???? ???????
???? ??????? ??????
??????
???? ?????
???? ?????????
???? ??????
???? ??????
??????
???? ???????
???? ?????
???? ???????
???? ?????????
???? ??????
???? ?????????
???? ?????
???? ?????
???? ?????
???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????.
- ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????:
????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ??????
??? ?????
?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????.
- ??????? ??? ??? ???:
??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????.
????? ??????
[
???
]
??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????. ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????.
??????? ????????
[
???
]
????? ????????
[
???
]
????? ??????
[
???
]
- ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????