???? ??? ????

???? ??? ????
??????? ?????
???????	??? 1947 (????? 76–77 ???)
??????	?????
?????? ???????
??????? ????	????? ????
??????	???? ? ?????????
?????	??? ????? ?????? ?????????
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	????? ????? - ?????

???? ??? ???? (?????? 1947 ) ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? . ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????.

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? 1947. ^[1] ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???????????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????.

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ^[2]^[3] ??? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? 1983 ??? 2001. ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? 2002 ??? 2004. ^[4]^[5] ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ≪???????: ????? ?? ????????≫ ?≪????? ??????? ??????????: ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????????≫ ?? ??????? ?? ???? 2003 ?2004 ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[6]^[7] ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????. ^[8]

??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? 4 ?????? 2004 ???? ??? ???? ???. ^[9]^[10]^[11] ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? 2006 ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????. ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ?? ??? 2005 ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ≪????? ??????? ??? ??????≫. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ≪????? ??????? ???????????≫ ??? ≪????? ??????? ??? ?????≫ ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????.

?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? 2006 ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? 2009. ?? ?????? 2009 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? .

????? [ ??? ]

^ Landis? Joshua (8 ?????? 2004). "Asad's Alawi dilemma" . Syria Comment . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-24 .
^ Moubayed? Sami (26 ???? ? 1 ????? 2005). "The faint smell of jasmine" . Al Ahram Weekly . ?. 744. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-03-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-02 .
^ Hinnebusch? Raymond (2011). "The Ba'th Party in Post-Ba'thist Syria: President, Party and the Struggle for 'Reform' " . Middle East Critique . ?. 20 ?. 2: 109?125. DOI : 10.1080/19436149.2011.572408 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-11 .
^ Blanford? Nicholas (28 ?????? 2004). "Censors ease up on Syrian press" . The Christian Science Monitor . Damascus. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-09-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-24 .
^ Aji? Albert (5 ?????? 2004). "Syria ousts 8 Cabinet ministers in shakeup" . The Boston Globe . Damascus. AP. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-24 .
^ Flynt Lawrence Leverett (1 ????? 2005). Inheriting Syria: Bashar's Trial by Fire . Brookings Institution Press. ?. 97. ISBN : 978-0-8157-5206-6 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-24 .
^ "Editor-in-Chief of Syrian Ba'ath Daily In Favor of Political Reform" . MEMRI . ?. 549. 7 ????? 2003. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-08-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-09 .
^ Abdulhamid? Ammar (?????? 2004). "Media Reform in Syria: A Door Ajar?" (PDF) . Arab Reform Bulletin . ?. 2 ?. 11: 14?15. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2017-08-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-24 .
^ Landis? Joshua (5 ?????? 2004). "What Does the New Syrian Cabinet Portend?" . Syria Comment . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-03-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-24 .
^ "Asad's visit: Saudi-Syrian Rapprochement back on track?" . Wikileaks. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-24 .
^ Ey?l Ziser (2007). Commanding Syria: Bashar Al-Asad and the First Years in Power . I.B.Tauris. ?. 69. ISBN : 978-1-84511-153-3 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-24 .

[land8oct-1] Landis? Joshua (8 ?????? 2004). "Asad's Alawi dilemma" . Syria Comment . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-24 .

[mou1jun-2] Moubayed? Sami (26 ???? ? 1 ????? 2005). "The faint smell of jasmine" . Al Ahram Weekly . ?. 744. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-03-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-02 .

[hin2011-3] Hinnebusch? Raymond (2011). "The Ba'th Party in Post-Ba'thist Syria: President, Party and the Struggle for 'Reform' " . Middle East Critique . ?. 20 ?. 2: 109?125. DOI : 10.1080/19436149.2011.572408 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-13 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-11 .

[blanford04-4] Blanford? Nicholas (28 ?????? 2004). "Censors ease up on Syrian press" . The Christian Science Monitor . Damascus. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-09-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-24 .

[aji5oct-5] Aji? Albert (5 ?????? 2004). "Syria ousts 8 Cabinet ministers in shakeup" . The Boston Globe . Damascus. AP. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-24 .

[Leverett2005-6] Flynt Lawrence Leverett (1 ????? 2005). Inheriting Syria: Bashar's Trial by Fire . Brookings Institution Press. ?. 97. ISBN : 978-0-8157-5206-6 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-24 .

[mem7aug-7] "Editor-in-Chief of Syrian Ba'ath Daily In Favor of Political Reform" . MEMRI . ?. 549. 7 ????? 2003. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-08-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-09 .

[ammardec-8] Abdulhamid? Ammar (?????? 2004). "Media Reform in Syria: A Door Ajar?" (PDF) . Arab Reform Bulletin . ?. 2 ?. 11: 14?15. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2017-08-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-24 .

[landis5oct-9] Landis? Joshua (5 ?????? 2004). "What Does the New Syrian Cabinet Portend?" . Syria Comment . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-03-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-24 .

[wleaks-10] "Asad's visit: Saudi-Syrian Rapprochement back on track?" . Wikileaks. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-24 .

[Ziser2007-11] Ey?l Ziser (2007). Commanding Syria: Bashar Al-Asad and the First Years in Power . I.B.Tauris. ?. 69. ISBN : 978-1-84511-153-3 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-16 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-24 .

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