???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???

??????? ????
???????	1827
???????	Untitled 'point de vue' (???????????)
?????	?????
??????	?????
??????????	46°44′N 4°52′E / 46.73°N 4.86°E
???????? ???? ??????	earth
????? ?????	??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ; ?? ??????? ???????
??????	??????? ?????
??? ??????	?????
?????	???? ?????
?????? ?????????	????? ???? ????? ; ????? ; ?????
???????	Saint-Loup-de-Varennes (en) ; ??? ???? ; ????
????????	???? ???? ??????
???? ?????	Saint-Loup-de-Varennes (en)
?????	20?3 ???????
????????	16?7 ???????
?????	0?15 ???????
??? ??????	8 ???? ; ???? ??????

????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ? ^[4] ?? ????? ???? ???????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ≪ ?????? ???? ≫ ??? 1827? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? . ^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ≪ ???? ≫ ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ^{16.2 × 20.2 ??} ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? . ^[11] ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? . ^[11] ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ≪????≫ ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????. ^[12]

??????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? 1827? ??? ≪ ???? ≫ ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ≪ ????? ???? ≫. ??? ≪ ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???≫ ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ≪????≫ ≪????≫ ?????? ?????? ≪??????? ??????≫ ??????? ??????? . ??? ≪????≫ ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ≪????≫ ?????? ??????? ??? ≪????≫. ???? ≪????≫ ???? ?? ??? 1833 ???? ???? ??????.

??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ≪ ???? ????? ≫ ?≪ ???? ???? ?????? ≫ ?? ????? 1839? ???? ???? ?? ?? ≪????≫ ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????. ?? 9 ???? 1839? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ^[13] ??? ???? ≪????≫ ?? ??? 1840 ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?? ??? ≪ ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???≫ ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? 1905 ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????. ^[14]

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ?????? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1952 ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ≪ ???? ≫ ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? . ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???. ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1952? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????.

???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????. ^[15] ?? ??? 1963? ????? ≪???? ??????≫ ???? ?????? ??? ≪?????? ?????????≫ ?????? ????? ?? ????? . ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? 2012-2013? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? - ????? ??? ?????? ≪?????? ?????????≫. ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????? . ^[11]

??????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? 2002-2003? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ????. ^[16] ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? (????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ). ^[17] ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ^[18]

?? ??? 2007? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ^[19] ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????????? . ^[20] ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????.

??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 2003? ?????? ≪ ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???≫ ??? 100 ???? ???? ??????. ^[21] ?? ???? ????? ≪ ?? ??? ??? ≫? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ≪?????? ?????≫ ???? ???? ?????????? . ^[22]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ???? ????: https://www.hrc.utexas.edu/niepce-heliograph/ . ??????: 18 ????? 2020.
^ ???? ????: https://www.hrc.utexas.edu/niepce-heliograph/ . ??????: 8 ????? 2020.
^ "le point de vue du Gras de Nicephore Niepce" . www.niepce-daguerre.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-04-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-04-04 .
^ "First photograph, View from the Window at Le Gras, Joseph Nicephore Niepce, ca. 1827" . ????? ????? ?? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-02-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-05-20 .
^ Kaja Silverman, ≪ The Miracle of Analogy : Or The History of Photography ≫, vol. 1, Stanford University Press, 2015 ( ISBN 978-0-8047-9327-8 et 978-0-8047-9399-5), p. 60?65.
^ Pierre-Georges Harmant et Paul Marillier, ≪ Some Thoughts on the World's First Photograph ≫, The Photographic Journal (en), vol. 107, no 4, avril 1967, p. 130?140, trad. ≪ A propos de la plus ancienne photographie du monde ≫, Photo-Cine-Revue, mai 1972, p. 231?237.
^ Helmut Gernsheim, ≪ The 150th Anniversary of Photography ≫, ≪ History of Photography ≫, vol. 1, no 1, janvier 1977, p. 3?8 (DOI 10.1080/03087298.1977.10442876
^ 1827 is also mentioned p.14, in the chapter written by Paul-Louis Roubert and Francois Brunet on the specialized reference book ≪ L'art De La Photographie - Des Origines A Nos Jours ≫, directed by Andre Gunthert and Michel Poivert, published by Citadelles et Mazenod publisher, ISBN 9782850886805
^ ( ????????? : ≪ La premiere photographie au monde ≫ , Etudes photographiques, no 3 ≪ Frontieres de l'image / Le territoire et le document ≫, novembre 1997, where it is mentionned “(fig. 1. Nicephore Niepce, "Point de vue du Gras", 1827, heliographie sur etain, 16,6 x 20,2 cm, encadree). [p. 12]” )? "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-07-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-09-29 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
^ Some Thoughts on the World's First Photograph ", The Photographic Journal, vol. 107 (4), avril 1967, p. 130-140 ; cf. H. Gernsheim, The origins of Photography , Londres, New York, Thames and Hudson, 1982, p. 34. : in 1982, Gernsheim goes back on his dating, and validate the date of 1827, proposed by P.-G. Harmant et P. Marillier in 1967 .
^ ^? ^? ^? "The First Photograph" . ???? ???? ?????? . ????? ????? ?? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-01-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-01-14 .
^ "Niepce and the Invention of Photography" . Nicephore Niepce House Photo Museum . ???????? ?????? & de l' ???????? ?????? ??????? . ????? ??????? ???????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-09-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-05-05 .
^ Lowry, Bates and Lowry, Isabel Barrett (1998). The Silver Canvas: Daguerreotype Masterpieces from the J. Paul Getty Museum . The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. p. 213, note 51. ???? ?????? 2021-02-25 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ The Harry Ransom Center: The First Photograph: History . Retrieved 27 May 2013. ???? ?????? 2018-12-10 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "The Harry Ransom Center: The First Photograph: Exhibition history" . ???? ???? ?????? . ????? ????? ?? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-02-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-06 .
^ Analyzing the world's first photograph. Precious image studied at Getty Institute in Los Angeles. ???? ?????? June 15, 2012, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . National Public Radio, April 7, 2002. Retrieved August 26, 2008.
^ Brown? Barbara N. (?????? 2002). "GCI/HRC Research World's First Photograph" . Abbey Newsletter . ?. 26 ??? 3. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-08-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .
^ Harry Ransom Center, The University of Texas at Austin. The first photograph: conservation and preservation. Retrieved August 26, 2008. ???? ?????? 2013-01-30 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "Towards truly simultaneous PIXE and RBS analysis of layered objects in cultural heritage". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms . ?. 261: 426?429. 31 ????? 2007. arXiv : 0707.2448 . Bibcode : 2007NIMPB.261..426P . DOI : 10.1016/j.nimb.2007.04.259 .
^ 2 MV electrostatic accelerator
^ "100 Photographs that Changed the World" . The Digital Journalist. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-01-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-01-14 .
^ "A New Look at the First Photograph" . Art on Paper . ?. 7 ?. 1: 24?24. 2002. ISSN : 1521-7922 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-02-05.

???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[36ca7fdf592a182392499a5e5767dff6b24191e5-1] ? ^? ^? ^? ???? ????: https://www.hrc.utexas.edu/niepce-heliograph/ . ??????: 18 ????? 2020.

[c8ef190694c058926dfa265f431777ef80b21a06-2] ???? ????: https://www.hrc.utexas.edu/niepce-heliograph/ . ??????: 8 ????? 2020.

[3] "le point de vue du Gras de Nicephore Niepce" . www.niepce-daguerre.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-04-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-04-04 .

[4] "First photograph, View from the Window at Le Gras, Joseph Nicephore Niepce, ca. 1827" . ????? ????? ?? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-02-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-05-20 .

[5] Kaja Silverman, ≪ The Miracle of Analogy : Or The History of Photography ≫, vol. 1, Stanford University Press, 2015 ( ISBN 978-0-8047-9327-8 et 978-0-8047-9399-5), p. 60?65.

[6] Pierre-Georges Harmant et Paul Marillier, ≪ Some Thoughts on the World's First Photograph ≫, The Photographic Journal (en), vol. 107, no 4, avril 1967, p. 130?140, trad. ≪ A propos de la plus ancienne photographie du monde ≫, Photo-Cine-Revue, mai 1972, p. 231?237.

[7] Helmut Gernsheim, ≪ The 150th Anniversary of Photography ≫, ≪ History of Photography ≫, vol. 1, no 1, janvier 1977, p. 3?8 (DOI 10.1080/03087298.1977.10442876

[8] 1827 is also mentioned p.14, in the chapter written by Paul-Louis Roubert and Francois Brunet on the specialized reference book ≪ L'art De La Photographie - Des Origines A Nos Jours ≫, directed by Andre Gunthert and Michel Poivert, published by Citadelles et Mazenod publisher, ISBN 9782850886805

[9] ( ????????? : ≪ La premiere photographie au monde ≫ , Etudes photographiques, no 3 ≪ Frontieres de l'image / Le territoire et le document ≫, novembre 1997, where it is mentionned “(fig. 1. Nicephore Niepce, "Point de vue du Gras", 1827, heliographie sur etain, 16,6 x 20,2 cm, encadree). [p. 12]” )? "???? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-07-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2022-09-29 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[10] Some Thoughts on the World's First Photograph ", The Photographic Journal, vol. 107 (4), avril 1967, p. 130-140 ; cf. H. Gernsheim, The origins of Photography , Londres, New York, Thames and Hudson, 1982, p. 34. : in 1982, Gernsheim goes back on his dating, and validate the date of 1827, proposed by P.-G. Harmant et P. Marillier in 1967 .

[hrc2-11] ? ^? ^? "The First Photograph" . ???? ???? ?????? . ????? ????? ?? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-01-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-01-14 .

[12] "Niepce and the Invention of Photography" . Nicephore Niepce House Photo Museum . ???????? ?????? & de l' ???????? ?????? ??????? . ????? ??????? ???????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-09-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2016-05-05 .

[13] Lowry, Bates and Lowry, Isabel Barrett (1998). The Silver Canvas: Daguerreotype Masterpieces from the J. Paul Getty Museum . The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. p. 213, note 51. ???? ?????? 2021-02-25 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[14] The Harry Ransom Center: The First Photograph: History . Retrieved 27 May 2013. ???? ?????? 2018-12-10 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[15] "The Harry Ransom Center: The First Photograph: Exhibition history" . ???? ???? ?????? . ????? ????? ?? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-02-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-06 .

[16] Analyzing the world's first photograph. Precious image studied at Getty Institute in Los Angeles. ???? ?????? June 15, 2012, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . National Public Radio, April 7, 2002. Retrieved August 26, 2008.

[17] Brown? Barbara N. (?????? 2002). "GCI/HRC Research World's First Photograph" . Abbey Newsletter . ?. 26 ??? 3. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-08-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-03-15 .

[Ransom-18] Harry Ransom Center, The University of Texas at Austin. The first photograph: conservation and preservation. Retrieved August 26, 2008. ???? ?????? 2013-01-30 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[19] "Towards truly simultaneous PIXE and RBS analysis of layered objects in cultural heritage". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms . ?. 261: 426?429. 31 ????? 2007. arXiv : 0707.2448 . Bibcode : 2007NIMPB.261..426P . DOI : 10.1016/j.nimb.2007.04.259 .

[20] 2 MV electrostatic accelerator

[21] "100 Photographs that Changed the World" . The Digital Journalist. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-01-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2012-01-14 .

[22] "A New Look at the First Photograph" . Art on Paper . ?. 7 ?. 1: 24?24. 2002. ISSN : 1521-7922 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2022-02-05.

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