한국   대만   중국   일본 
????? (??) - ????????? ????? ??? ???????

????? (??)

يرجى إضافة قالب معلومات متعلّقة بموضوع المقالة.
?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
  ?????? ????? ???? ????? (?????) .

?? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? . ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? [1] [2] .

????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? : ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ? [3] ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? (?????? ??????) ????? ???? HLA(Human Leucocyte Antigen) ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? CMH(Complexe Majeur d’Histocompatibilite)

????? ?? ????? ???????? CMH ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? 6 ??? ???????? A ,C,B,D ?????? ????????? ???????:

- ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????.

- ?????? ?????? (?? ????) ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? (?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? [4]

- ???????? ??????? ????????

???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? CMH ???:

? ???????? CMH-I : ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? B? A ? C. ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? α ?β2m.

? ???????? CMH-II : ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? D ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? α ?β.

??? ???????? CMH:

?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? CMH ?????? ?????? ?????? ? CMH ??? ??? ?????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????:

? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????. [5]

? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? (?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????) ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????. [6]

????? ????? ?? ???? CMH ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? CMH ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? CMH ?????? ????? CMH ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? CMH ?????? ???? ??????? ???????.

????? ???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????: [7]

1. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???:

? ??????? ???????????: ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????.

? ??????? ?????????????: ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ph ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ph ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????.

? ??????? ???????????: ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????. ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????.

2. ????????? ????????? ??? ???????:

?????: ????????? ??????????: ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????: ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????:

? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????. [8]

? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? .

? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????.

? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????.

? ? ??????? ??????????:

? ?????????  : ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? (mastocytes) ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????. [9]

? ???????????????  : ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? (????????) ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????.

? ???????  : ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????.

? ????? ???????: ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? C1? C2? C3..... ??? C9 ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????: ????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ????????? . ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????:

? ????? ???????: ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????.

? ????? ????????: ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????. [10]

? ????? ?????? ??:

? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????(???????? ?????????) ???? C3a ? C5a. [11]

? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????. [12]

? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? C3b ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????. [13]

??????: ???????: ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????. [14]

??? ??? ??????? ???????:

? ????? ???????: ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????.

? ????? ????????: ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????.

? ????? ?????: ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????.

? ????? ????? ??????: ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????.

????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????.

????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? (?????? ??????? ?????) ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? Phagocytosis ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? Antibodies ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? . ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? Vaccines ?????? ?????? AntiSerum. ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????? AIDS ?????????? ?????? SIDA .

????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????: ?????: ??????? ????????. ????? ????? . ??????: ??????? ???????? Acquired Immunity .

??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? (???????) [ ??? ]

??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? Immunity. ????? ????? ?? ???????: ????? ?????????. ?????? ?? nonspecific. ??????? ??????? : ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??????. ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? Inflammation ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????.

??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????????. ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????.

??????? ??????? ?? ???????? :

????? ?????? ?????: ????; ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? (????????) ???????. ?????; ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????. ?????; ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ?????: ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? nonself.

?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? . ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????: humoral ?????? ???????. Humoral ???? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. Humoral ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????? (?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???). Humoral ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???????.

???? ???? - ???? Cell Mediate ?????? ???????? , ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????. - ????-???? Cell Mediate ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????. - ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? (?????) ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? 2017-10-03 ?? Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Hirsch, Larissa. "Immune System" . kidshealth.org (???????????). Archived from the original on 2020-08-01 . Retrieved 2018-06-14 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? ??? ??????? |name-list-format= ?? ?????? ????? ??????? |name-list-style= ( help )
  3. ^ www ???? ?????? 2017-09-30 ?? Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Statistics < IMGT/HLA < IPD < EMBL-EBI ???? ?????? 2017-09-10 ?? Wayback Machine
  5. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100602031837/http://www.khayma.com/fatsvt/immunologie_fichiers/RECONNORM.swf . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-06-02. {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )
  6. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100602031850/http://www.khayma.com/fatsvt/immunologie_fichiers/RECONANORM.swf . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-06-02. {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )
  7. ^ ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? 2017-09-21 ?? Wayback Machine
  8. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20160404224207/http://faculty.riohondo.edu/rbethel/videos/micro_inflammation.swf . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-04-04. {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )
  9. ^ Nonspecific Inflammatory Response ???? ?????? 2018-03-09 ?? Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Animation Quiz 1 - Activation of Complement ???? ?????? 2017-09-16 ?? Wayback Machine
  11. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100602132514/http://www.khayma.com/fatsvt/nonspecif/DIABEDESE.swf . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-06-02. {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )
  12. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100602132534/http://www.khayma.com/fatsvt/immunologie_fichiers/CAM.swf . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-06-02. {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )
  13. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100602132545/http://www.khayma.com/fatsvt/nonspecif/complement.swf . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-06-02. {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )
  14. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100602132553/http://www.khayma.com/fatsvt/nonspecif/phag.swf . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-06-02. {{ ??????? ??? }} : ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? ( ?????? )
?????? ?? ≪ https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=?????_(??)&oldid=67145237 ≫