?????? ???????

??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1945. ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????.

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? 1945 ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? (?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????). ^[1]

??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????: ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????. - ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????. ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????.

??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????: ≪????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????≫.

?? ??? 1971? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ≪ ????? ?? ??????? ≫ ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????: ≪?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????≫. ^[2]^[3]

?? ??? 1997? ??? ????? ???? ≪?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????≫ ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ≪?????? ??????? ??? ???????≫. ^[4]

??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????: ≪... ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????????≫. ^[5]

??????? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ^[6] ???? ???????? ≪??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????... ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????≫? ????? ??? ?? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? . ^[7]

??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? (???????) ?????? ??? ???? ?????????. ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????". ^[8]

??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ≪???????? ??????≫ ???? ????? ????? ??????? [9] [9] ????? ???? ??? [10] [10] ≪????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????≫. (?????? ?????? ??????? . ?)

????? ??? ??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??? ??????? (????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????) ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????.

?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????: ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ? ^[11] ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? . ^[12]^[13]

???? ???? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Popper, Karl, The Open Society and Its Enemies, volume 1, The Spell of Plato, 1945 (Routledge, United Kingdom); ( ???? 0-415-29063-5 ) 978-0-691-15813-6 (1 volume 2013 Princeton ed.)
^ Rawls? John (1971). "A Theory of Justice": 220. ISBN : 0-674-00078-1 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????????? ?????? ????? ???? |????? ?????= ( ?????? )
^ Ding? John Zijiang(December 2014)." Introduction: Pluralistic and Multicultural Reexaminations of Tolerance/Toleration ". ???? ?????? 2022-04-25 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Walzer? Michael (1997). On Toleration . New Haven: ????? ????? ??? . ?. 80 -81. ISBN : 0-300-07600-2 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-10-24.
^ ( 1801-03-04 )." Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, Chapter 4, Document 33 ". ??? ??? ????? ?????? . "Thomas" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-02-12 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )
^ Cohen-Almagor? Raphael (1994). "Popper's Paradox of Tolerance and Its Modification". The Boundaries of Liberty and Tolerance: The Struggle Against Kahanism in Israel . University Press of Florida . ?. 25 . ISBN : 9780813012582 .
^ Rosenfeld? Michel (????? 1987). "Review: Extremist Speech and the Paradox of Tolerance" . Harvard Law Review (?. 6). ?. 100: 1457?1481. DOI : 10.2307/1341168 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-28.
^ The Ethical Dilemma of the Intolerance of Intolerance ???? ?????? 2018-01-25 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Habermas? Jurgen (1990). Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action . Polity Press . ?. 106 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-12-31.
^ Apel? Karl-Otto (1996). Selected Essays: Ethics and the Theory of Rationality . Humanities Press International . ?. 210-211.
^ Aguiar? Fernando? Parravano? Antonio (2013). "Tolerating the Intolerant: Homophily, Intolerance, and Segregation in Social Balanced Networks". Journal of Conflict Resolution . DOI : 10.1177/0022002713498708 .
^ Heider? Fritz (1946). "Attitudes and Cognitive Organization". Journal of Psychology . ?. 21: 107?12.
^ Heider? Fritz (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations . New York: ?????? ???????? . ISBN : 9780898592825 .

[1] Popper, Karl, The Open Society and Its Enemies, volume 1, The Spell of Plato, 1945 (Routledge, United Kingdom); ( ???? 0-415-29063-5 ) 978-0-691-15813-6 (1 volume 2013 Princeton ed.)

[2] Rawls? John (1971). "A Theory of Justice": 220. ISBN : 0-674-00078-1 . {{ ??????? ?????? ????? }}: ????????? ?????? ????? ???? |????? ?????= ( ?????? )

[3] Ding? John Zijiang(December 2014)." Introduction: Pluralistic and Multicultural Reexaminations of Tolerance/Toleration ". ???? ?????? 2022-04-25 ?? Wayback Machine

[4] Walzer? Michael (1997). On Toleration . New Haven: ????? ????? ??? . ?. 80 -81. ISBN : 0-300-07600-2 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-10-24.

[5] ( 1801-03-04 )." Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address, Chapter 4, Document 33 ". ??? ??? ????? ?????? . "Thomas" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-02-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-02-12 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: BOT: original URL status unknown ( link )

[6] Cohen-Almagor? Raphael (1994). "Popper's Paradox of Tolerance and Its Modification". The Boundaries of Liberty and Tolerance: The Struggle Against Kahanism in Israel . University Press of Florida . ?. 25 . ISBN : 9780813012582 .

[7] Rosenfeld? Michel (????? 1987). "Review: Extremist Speech and the Paradox of Tolerance" . Harvard Law Review (?. 6). ?. 100: 1457?1481. DOI : 10.2307/1341168 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-28.

[8] The Ethical Dilemma of the Intolerance of Intolerance ???? ?????? 2018-01-25 ?? Wayback Machine

[9] Habermas? Jurgen (1990). Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action . Polity Press . ?. 106 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-12-31.

[10] Apel? Karl-Otto (1996). Selected Essays: Ethics and the Theory of Rationality . Humanities Press International . ?. 210-211.

[11] Aguiar? Fernando? Parravano? Antonio (2013). "Tolerating the Intolerant: Homophily, Intolerance, and Segregation in Social Balanced Networks". Journal of Conflict Resolution . DOI : 10.1177/0022002713498708 .

[12] Heider? Fritz (1946). "Attitudes and Cognitive Organization". Journal of Psychology . ?. 21: 107?12.

[13] Heider? Fritz (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations . New York: ?????? ???????? . ISBN : 9780898592825 .

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