????? ???

??????? ????
??? ???? ??	???? ??? ????? ; ???
???????	language standardization (en)
?????	??????? ???????? ; standardology (en)
???? ??? ?? ?????	standard variety (en)
??????	??? ?????

????? ??? ( ??????????? : Language standardisation )? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ^[1]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? . ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? . ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????.

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ??? ????? (????) ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? ? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ???.

??? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ≪ ??????? ≫? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? Neologie ???? ?? ≪??? ??????? ??????≫ ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????.

????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????	????? ???????	??? ???????	??????? ??? ????????
?????	??? ????? ????	?????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????	????? ?????
??? ?????????	Standard Afrikaans	Die Taalkommissie	????? ???????????
???????	??????? ???????	????? ????? ?????????	????? ???????
????????	Rigsdansk	???? ????? ??????????	????? ????????
????????	Standard Catalan ? Standard Valencian	???? ???????? ?????????? ^{[???? ????]}‏, Academia Valenciana de la Llengua	Catalan dialects
?????	????? ???????	National Language Regulating Committee ( ????? ), National Languages Committee ( ROC/Taiwan ), Promote Mandarin Council ^{[???? ????]}‏ ( ???????? )	????? ?????
?????? (?????)	?????? (?????)	???? ????? ?????? ???????	????? ??????
??????	??? ?????? ???????? ( ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? Cambodian Standard French ^{[???? ????]}‏? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? )	???????? ????? ???????? ? Office quebecois de la langue francaise ? Council for the Development of French in Louisiana	????? ??????
???????	????????? ???????? ( ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ???????? and ????????? ????????? ??????? )	Rat fur deutsche Rechtschreibung	????? ???????
????????? ???????	Standard Modern Greek	official introduction under ??????? ???????? in 1976	Modern Greek dialects ^{[???? ????]}‏
Urdu and hindi	??? ?????? ???????? ( ??? ????? and Urdu Standard Hindustani )	Central Hindi Directorate ? ????? ????? ????? ???????	????? ?????
???????	Standard Macedonian	Institute for Macedonian language "Krste Misirkov"	Macedonian dialects
?????	??? ??????? (Bahasa Baku, includes Bahasa Malaysia/Melayu and Bahasa Indonesia)	Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka ? Majlis Bahasa Brunei?Indonesia?Malaysia	????? ?????
???????	?????? ? ??????	Sprakradet	????? ???????
???????	Standard Polish	???? ????? ?????????	????? ???????
????????	??? ?????? ???????? ( Brazilian Standard Portuguese and European Standard Portuguese ^[??????????])	Academia das Ciencias de Lisboa, Classe de Letras ? ?????????? ?????????? ??????	????? ????????
????? ???????	??? ?????? ???????? ( Bosnian Standard Serbo-Croatian ? Croatian Standard Serbo-Croatian ? Montenegrin Standard Serbo-Croatian , and ??? ????? )	????? ??????? ? Zagreb ? ????? ????? ?????? ? and Belgrade ? Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska	???? ?????? ?????? ( Torlakian ) and ???? ?????? ?????? ( Kajkavian and ?akavian )
??????	Standard Swedish	???? ????? ???????? ? Svenska sprakbyran	????? ??????
????????	??? ???????? ???????	?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????? ??????????	????? ????????
???????	Pluricentric Standard Spanish ^{[???? ????]}‏ ( ????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ^{[???? ????]}‏? Canarian Standard Spanish ^{[???? ????]}‏, and European Standard Spanish ^{[???? ????]}‏)	?????????? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????	????? ???????

????? [ ??? ]

^ ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? - ???? ???? ???? ?????? 2017-07-03 ?? Wayback Machine

????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[1] ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? - ???? ???? ???? ?????? 2017-07-03 ?? Wayback Machine

[1]