????? ????? (2017)

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
????? ????? (2017)
??? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????

????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????.       ????? ???? ????? ????????????       ????? ????
??????? 6 ????? 2017 ? 17 ?????? 2017
( 4 ????? ?11 ????? )
?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ? ?????
??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????????? [9]
  • ??? ????? ??????? ?? 24 ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? 8 ?????.
  • ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? 17 ??????.
??????????
???? ????? ???????????

???? ??????? ??????? (HXP) [1]
??????? ??????? / ????????? [?] [5]
??? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ?????

  ????? ?????? ?????????
?????? ????????
????? ????? [10]
( ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? )
?????? ???? ??? [1] [11]
( ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? )
???? ????? "??? ????" [12]
( ???? ????? ??? ?????? )
???? ??????? ???????? ???????
??????? ????????
???? ????? ??????????? [1] [13]
  • ????? ????? ?????
  • ???? ????? ??????
  • ????? ?????? ??????? [14]
  • ???? ???? ?????
  • ???? ????????
  • ???? ???????
  • ?????? ??????? ????????
  • ???? ???? ???????
  • ???? ??? ????? ???????
  • ???? ??????
  • ??? ??????
  • ???? ?????? ??????????
  • تنظيم الدولة الإسلامية (داعش) ??? ????
    ?????
    ??? ????? 3,000?4,000 [15]
    ???????? ????????
    650+ ???? [16] [17] 1,000+ ???? (????? ????? ?????? ?????????) 1,246+ ???? (????? ???) [18]
    ???? 1540 ???? [19]

    ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ≪????? ???????≫ ???? ????? ?????? . ???? ??????? ?? 6 ????? 2017? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????. [11] ??? ???? ??????? ≪ ??????? ?????? ≫ ?? ??? ???. ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ≪????? ?????≫. [20]

    ??????? [ ??? ]

    ????? ????? 2017? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????. [21] ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? 6 ?????? 2016 ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ? ?? ?? ????? .

    ????? ?? ??? ??? 500 ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????. [21]

    ??????? [ ??? ]

    ????? 11 ?????? ???? ??? 79 ?????? ?? ?????. [22] ??????? ???? ??? ??? ≪????? ?????≫ ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????. [23] ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. [24]

    ?? 12 ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????????. [25] [25] ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. [26]

    ?? 13 ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????. [27]

    ??????? [ ??? ]

    1. ^ Most leftist foreign volunteers fight as part of the YPG, [2] though some have also formed an independent unit, the Antifascist International Tabu r, [3] or joined the ????? ?????? ??????? . The latter is a larger unit, mostly composed of Kurdish and Turkish communists. [4]

    ??????? [ ??? ]

    1. ^ ? ? ? "Great War for the liberation of Raqqa begins" . Hawar News Agency . 6 ????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-02-09.
    2. ^ Harp (2017) , pp. 43?49.
    3. ^ Harp (2017) , p. 49.
    4. ^ Sinan Deniz (13 ?????? 2016). " 'Raqqa's fall will bring the end of Erdo?an' " . ANF News . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-02-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-01-26 .
    5. ^ Harp? Seth (23 ?????? 2017). "The Anarchists vs. ISIS" . ?????? ???? . ??????? : Wenner Media LLC. ?. 42?49. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-02-15.
    6. ^ Sirwan Kajjo (21 ?????? 2016). "Kurdish-Arab Forces in Syria Make Gains in Raqqa Province" . ??? ?????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-23.
    7. ^ Steven Swinford (25 ?????? 2016). "Operation Raqqa: British RAF pilots to switch bombing raids to 'the heart' of Isil" . ???? ?????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-01-16 .
    8. ^ Volkmar Kabisch; Reiko Pinkert (29 Mar 2017). "Zivile Opfer in Syrien. Bundeswehr in verheerenden Luftschlag involviert" . ???????     [???? ????] (??????????). Archived from the original on 2017-10-19 . Retrieved 2017-03-29 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : ????? ?????????: ?????? ????? ????? ( link )
    9. ^ "???? "????? ????????????" ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? "???? ??????" " . RT Arabic (?ar-AR). Archived from the original on 2017-10-23 . Retrieved 2017-10-22 . {{ ??????? ???? }} : ????? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )
    10. ^ "US-backed fighters move into ISIS stronghold Raqqa for the first time" . ????? ????? ??? . 6 ????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-06.
    11. ^ ? ? "U.S.-backed Syrian force starts battle to capture Raqqa from Islamic State" . Reuters . 6 ????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-06-06.
    12. ^ Mohammad Abdulssattar Ibrahim? Maria Nelson (6 ????? 2017). "Syrian Democratic Forces break through Raqqa city limits for first time, capture neighborhoods" . Syria Direct . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-06-07 .
    13. ^ "SDF announces the launch of 'Great Battle' for Raqqa" . ????? ???? ??????? . 6 ????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-31.
    14. ^ Mamosta? Afarin (8 ????? 2017). "YPG Special Forces (YAT) preparing for major operation inside #Raqqa city. Morale high.pic.twitter.com/VDBFywO4Fu" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-02-09.
    15. ^ Patrick Cockburn (6 ????? 2017). "Battle to liberate Raqqa from Isis 'will be over quicker than Mosul' " . ?? ???????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-08.
    16. ^ Source? The Inside (11 ????? 2017). "#Syria // #Raqqa // ISIS re-controls div 17 base after successful counter. We're told of 11 SDF dead as a result" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-13.
    17. ^ "ISIS retakes Division 17 Army Base in surprise counter-offensive north of Raqqa" . 11 ????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-24.
    18. ^ "SDF fighter enter another neighborhood in al-Raqqa city" . Hawar News Agency. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-09.
    19. ^ "Continued airstrikes by International Coalition's warplanes raise to about 90, the number of civilians who were killed in Al-Raqqah city since the preparation for its grand battle" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-06-14 .
    20. ^ "Raqqa: Syrian Kurdish-led forces launch offensive on IS 'capital' " . 6 ????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-28 – ??? www.bbc.com.
    21. ^ ? ? CNN? Tim Lister. "Battle for Raqqa: 7 things you need to know" . CNN . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-06-11 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : |??????= ???? ??? ( ?????? )
    22. ^ "More casualties raise the death toll to about 80 in the continued shelling on Al-Raqqah city" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-12.
    23. ^ "With 6 days of consecutive clashes… the Elite Forces enter the 2nd neighbourhood east of Al-Raqqah and SDF control large parts of the 2nd neighbourhood west of it" . SOHR . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-12.
    24. ^ "???? ??? 3 ????? ??????? ?? ?????" . 10 ????? 2017. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-09.
    25. ^ ? ? Ahmed? Cihan Shekh (11 ????? 2017). "?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-13.
    26. ^ "SDF liberates Sahil village - ANHA" . en.hawarnews.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-02-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-06-14 .
    27. ^ News? ANF. "SDF fighters enter al-Berid neighborhood of Raqqa" . ANF News . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-06-14 . {{ ??????? ??? }} : |??????= ???? ??? ( ?????? )