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هذه المقالة اختصاصية وهي بحاجة لمراجعة خبير في مجالها.
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????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب
?????? ≪ ??? ??????? ≫ ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? 1963 ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? . [1] [2] [3] [4]

???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? . ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? 2011 ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? . ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? 2012 ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ≪???? ?????? ????? ??????≫ ??? ????? ????? ??????? . [5]

??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? 1963 ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? . ???? ??? 1971 ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????≪ ?????? ????????? ≫? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? . ??? ??? 1980? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????. ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 2000? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? .

???????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

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?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? . ???? ??? ???????? ?? 11 ?????? ??? 2012 ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??? . ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? . ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????. [6]

?????? ?????? ???? [ ??? ]

  • ??? ??????? : ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? .
  • ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? (NCC ?? NCB? ????? ??????? ??????): ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? [33] ??? ???? ?? 13 ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????. [34] ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????? . ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 2011. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ≪???????? ????????≫ ?? ????? (?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????)? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????.
  • ?????? ?????? ?????????? : ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? 1980 ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ??? 2006 ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????. ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????.
  • ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? : ?????? ???? ??? 40 ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 19 ????? 2011 ?? ??????? ??????. [35]
  • ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? : ???? ?? ????? ?? 13 ?????? 2011 ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? . ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ≪????????≫. [36]
  • ??? ????? ????? : ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? . [37] ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????. [38]
  • ???? ????? ????? ????????? : ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? 2012? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ≪???? ??? ????≫. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????. [4]
  • ?????? ????????? ??????? : ???? ?? ?????? ?? 21 ?????? 2012? ???? ??? ?????? 11 ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????. [39] [40] ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????????.
  • ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? : ????? ??? 2005 ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.
  • ?? ????? ? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? 2012? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????. [41]
  • ??? ????? ????????? ?????? : ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? 2020 ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. [42]

?????? ??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ?????? ??????? ??????
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????. [43] [44]

?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? 12 ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? . [45] ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????. [46]

  • ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? : ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? 2003 [[????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? . ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????. [35] ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 2012 ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????.
  • ?????? ?????? ?????? : ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? 26 ?? ?????? 2011? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? . ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? 11 ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? 15 ????? ?? ??? ???? 2012. ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????. [47]
    • ????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? party -s ?????? ???? ????? (?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? 2014 ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? (???????) ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? / ????? ???? - ??? ????? ???????????)
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  • ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? 2006/2008? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 2006. [53]
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  • ??? ???? ? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? 2012 ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????: ?????? ?????? ??????? . ???? ?? ????? ??? 2011 ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????.
  • ???? ?????? ? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? 2011
  • ??? ?????? ??????? : ????? ??????? ??? 2011 ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ≪???? ??????≫ ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????/????? ??? 2019 ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????. [55]

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??????? ???? ?????? ????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? 2015? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????. [56] ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? 404 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????. [57] ?? ??? 2016? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????.

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??????? [ ??? ]

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