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?????? ^[1]^[2] ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ≪ ??????? ?????????? ≫ ( ????? ?????? : Hevea Brazilensis ) ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? . ^[3]^[4]^[5]

????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????.

???? ??????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? 1493 ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? 1521 ? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ≪??? ????? Cao Achu≫ ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ≪??????? Caoutchouc≫ ?? ??? ????? ??????. ?? 1736 ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ≪????? ???????≫ ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? 1766 ? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????.

???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? 1823 ? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ≪?????? ???????≫ ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ≪????? ???????≫.???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????.

??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ≪???? ?????≫ ???? ??? 1873 ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? 2000 ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? 1970 ? ???? 11 ????? ???? (?????? 4200 ??? ????)

???? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??????? ? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??72 ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????.

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^ ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? (8) (???????? ??????????? ?????????)? ????: ???? ????? ??????? ? 1993? ?. 298? OCLC : 929544775 ? QID : Q114972534
^ ????? ??????? (2003). ???? ???? ?????? (??????). ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? (???????? ??????????? ??????????) (?. 5). ?????: ????? ????? ?????? . ?. 335. ISBN : 978-9953-10-550-5 . OCLC : 1158683669 . QID : Q115858366 .
^ Transportation of Natural Rubber - Industry Source ???? ?????? 17 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "Premarket Notification [510(k)] Submissions for Testing for Skin Sensitization To Chemicals In Natural Rubber Products" . FDA. ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2017-05-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-09-22 .
^ Slack? Charles (7 ????? 2002). Noble obsession: Charles Goodyear, Thomas Hancock, and the race to unlock the greatest industrial secret of the nineteenth century . Hyperion. ISBN : 978-0-7868-6789-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-17.

??????? [ ??? ]

???????? ??????? ??????? ? ?. ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? 2005.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[1] ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? (8) (???????? ??????????? ?????????)? ????: ???? ????? ??????? ? 1993? ?. 298? OCLC : 929544775 ? QID : Q114972534

[2] ????? ??????? (2003). ???? ???? ?????? (??????). ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? (???????? ??????????? ??????????) (?. 5). ?????: ????? ????? ?????? . ?. 335. ISBN : 978-9953-10-550-5 . OCLC : 1158683669 . QID : Q115858366 .

[3] Transportation of Natural Rubber - Industry Source ???? ?????? 17 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[4] "Premarket Notification [510(k)] Submissions for Testing for Skin Sensitization To Chemicals In Natural Rubber Products" . FDA. ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2017-05-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-09-22 .

[5] Slack? Charles (7 ????? 2002). Noble obsession: Charles Goodyear, Thomas Hancock, and the race to unlock the greatest industrial secret of the nineteenth century . Hyperion. ISBN : 978-0-7868-6789-9 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-17.

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

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