???? ?????

??????? ????
??? ???? ??	???????
???????	2 ?????? 1998
??????	?????? ?????? ??????? ; ???? ????? ; ??? ??????
????? ?????	Christine Peterson (en)
????? ???????	9 ?????? 1998
??????	???? ??????

?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? . ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????. ^[2]

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ( ????? ??? ) ?? ???? ( ??? ?? ??? ?? ) ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? (??? ???? C ). ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ^[3]

?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? 4 ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? (Power PC) ??? ????. ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????.

????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? C ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????.

?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????? (fsf.Org) ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? (gcc) ????? ???? ?????? (Emacs) ?? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? (gnu.Org) ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? (????? ?????? ??????).

???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ≪ ????????? ????? ≫. ^[3]

?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????! ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? . ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? 1991 ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? .

?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? - ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???. ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? - ????? (newsgroup) ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? .

???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???/????? .

????? ???/????? ????? ??? - ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? - ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????.

??? ????? (Open Source) ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? (free software) ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? Free ?? ????? ?????????? ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ????? (gratis) ??? ?? ?? (libre). ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? (Free) ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????.

?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????.

???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???:

???? ??????? ??? ???? ????????.
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1- ?????? ??????: ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????.

2- ????????? ?? ????? ???????: ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????.

3- ??????? ??? ????? ?????: ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? (?????? ?????) ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.

4- ?????? ????? ?????: ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????.

5- ????? ???: ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???.

?????? ??? ??????? ????? [ ??? ]

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???????? ?????? [ ??? ]

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????? ????? ????? ???????: ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????.

??????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????:

???? ????? ????? ???????? .
???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???????.
???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????.
?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ??????.
??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????.
??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? .
?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????.

???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? ???? ????: https://perens.com/2017/09/26/on-usage-of-the-phrase-open-source/ .
^ Levine, Sheen S., & Prietula, M. J. (2013). Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance . Organization Science , ????? : 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 ???? ?????? 11 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? James J. Flink (1977). The Car Culture . MIT Press. ISBN : 0-262-56015-1 .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?????? ???????
???? ?????? ??????? ????? - ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???.
?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? - ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????.
??????? ???????
???? ???? ??????

???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[09e474c25135e589f72c3684695c0bc623cd761f-1] ? ^? ???? ????: https://perens.com/2017/09/26/on-usage-of-the-phrase-open-source/ .

[doi.org-2] Levine, Sheen S., & Prietula, M. J. (2013). Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance . Organization Science , ????? : 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 ???? ?????? 11 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[carculture2-3] ? ^? James J. Flink (1977). The Car Culture . MIT Press. ISBN : 0-262-56015-1 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

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