?????? : Sara hawas/????

???? ?????

?? ????????? , ???????? ?????

??????? ?????? "????" ????? ("????" ??? ??????? 16??????1881-9??????1917) ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????.????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? 1902??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? (????) ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? . ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? 1906 ? 1907 ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? 1908 ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????1908.

??????? [???] 1 ?????? ??????? 2 ?????? ??????? 2.1 ????? ?????? ???? 1902 2.2 1903-1907 2.3 ????????1908 3 ????? ?????? 4 ??????? 5 ??????? 6 ?????

?????? ??????? [???] ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? 16??????1881 ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? 15???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??. ^[1] ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ^[2] ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ^[3] ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1896 ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????. ^[4]

?? ??? 1899 ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? . ^[5] ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????, ^[6] ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? . ^[7] ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? . ^[8] ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? . ^[9] ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 1908. ^[10]

?????? ??????? [???]

????? ?????? ???? 1902 [???]

???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? 1896 
^[11] ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? 1902 ????? 
^[12] ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? 
?????? ??????
 ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? . ???? ??? 
?.?.?????????
 (????? ??? ?????????? ) "????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????????  ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????."
^[13]
??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? (????) ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????  ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???1903. ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????  ???? ?????? " (1) ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????; (2) ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????; (3) ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????."
^[14]????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????.
^[15]

1903-1907 [???]

????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? 1903 ???? ?? 
????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????
 ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??????.
^[16] ???????? ?? 
????? ????? ????????? ???? 1904
 ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? .
^[17]
?? ??? 1905 ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? 
??????? ??????? ??????
 ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? 
^[18][??????1]
 ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? .???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? 
?????
 ??????? ???? ?? ??? 
1906
??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 
????? ??? 1907
.
^[19]

???????? 1908 [???]

???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? 1908 ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ^[20] ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? "???? ????? ???????" ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????." ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? "????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????." ^[21] ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? . ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ^[22]

????? ?????? [???]

?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ^[23] ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ( ??????? ????????) ????? ??? ?? 1913. ^[24] ??? 9 ?????? ???? 1917 ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??35 ????. ^[25] ??? ??? 1981 ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? . ^[26]

??????? [???]

????? ??????? ????????

?????	1906	1907	1908
??????????			?????? ?????
????? ??????	?????? ?????	?????? ?????

??????? ???????

?????	1902	1903	1904
????? ??????	?????? ??????
??????? ??????????		?????? ?????	?????? ?????

???????

?????	1908
??????????	?????? ??????

??????? [???]

???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 1924. ^[27]

????? [???]

^ Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
^ "Madge Syers" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
^ Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
^ Bird, Denis L. "NISA History". National Ice Skating Association . Retrieved 24 January 2011.
^ Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
^ Hines, James R. (2006). Figure skating: a history. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 84, 87?89. ISBN 978-0-252-07286-4 . OCLC 59149288 .
^ Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
^ Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
^ Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
^ Syers, Edgar; Syers, Madge (1908). The Book of Winter Sports. London: Edward Arnold . OCLC 504245153.
^ "History". International Skating Union . Retrieved 22 May 2011.
^ Hines, James R. (2006). Figure skating: a history. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 84, 87?89. ISBN 978-0-252-07286-4 . OCLC 59149288 .
^ Smith, Beverley (1994). Figure skating: a celebration. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. pp. 20?21. ISBN 978-0-7710-2819-9 . OCLC 30974224 .
^ Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003). Culture on ice: figure skating & cultural meaning. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 68?69. ISBN 0-8195-6642-X . OCLC 51607234 .
^ Adams, Mary Louise (2011). Artistic Impressions: Figure Skating, Masculinity, and the Limits of Sport. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 130?131. ISBN 978-1-4426-4318-5 . OCLC 670476488 .
^ Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
^ Hines, James R. (2006). Figure skating: a history. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 84, 87?89. ISBN 978-0-252-07286-4 . OCLC 59149288 .
^ Hines, James R. (2006). Figure skating: a history. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 84, 87?89. ISBN 978-0-252-07286-4 . OCLC 59149288 .
^ Hines, James R. (2006). Figure skating: a history. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 84, 87?89. ISBN 978-0-252-07286-4 . OCLC 59149288 .
^ "History". International Skating Union . Retrieved 22 May 2011.
^ Cook, Theodore Andrea (1909). "The Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report" (pdf). British Olympic Association. pp. 286?297.
^ Cook, Theodore Andrea (1909). "The Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report" (pdf). British Olympic Association. pp. 286?297.
^ Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
^ Syers, Edgar; Syers, Madge (1913). The Art of Skating (international style). London: Horace Cox. OCLC 504245141 .
^ Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
^ "Hall of Fame Members". World Figure Skating Hall of Fame . Retrieved 1 January 2011.
^ "History". International Skating Union . Retrieved 22 May 2011.

[1] Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.

[2] "Madge Syers" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 1 January 2011.

[3] Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.

[4] Bird, Denis L. "NISA History". National Ice Skating Association . Retrieved 24 January 2011.

[5] Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.

[6] Hines, James R. (2006). Figure skating: a history. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 84, 87?89. ISBN 978-0-252-07286-4 . OCLC 59149288 .

[7] Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.

[8] Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.

[9] Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.

[10] Syers, Edgar; Syers, Madge (1908). The Book of Winter Sports. London: Edward Arnold . OCLC 504245153.

[11] "History". International Skating Union . Retrieved 22 May 2011.

[12] Hines, James R. (2006). Figure skating: a history. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 84, 87?89. ISBN 978-0-252-07286-4 . OCLC 59149288 .

[13] Smith, Beverley (1994). Figure skating: a celebration. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. pp. 20?21. ISBN 978-0-7710-2819-9 . OCLC 30974224 .

[14] Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003). Culture on ice: figure skating & cultural meaning. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 68?69. ISBN 0-8195-6642-X . OCLC 51607234 .

[15] Adams, Mary Louise (2011). Artistic Impressions: Figure Skating, Masculinity, and the Limits of Sport. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 130?131. ISBN 978-1-4426-4318-5 . OCLC 670476488 .

[16] Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.

[17] Hines, James R. (2006). Figure skating: a history. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 84, 87?89. ISBN 978-0-252-07286-4 . OCLC 59149288 .

[18] Hines, James R. (2006). Figure skating: a history. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 84, 87?89. ISBN 978-0-252-07286-4 . OCLC 59149288 .

[19] Hines, James R. (2006). Figure skating: a history. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 84, 87?89. ISBN 978-0-252-07286-4 . OCLC 59149288 .

[20] "History". International Skating Union . Retrieved 22 May 2011.

[21] Cook, Theodore Andrea (1909). "The Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report" (pdf). British Olympic Association. pp. 286?297.

[22] Cook, Theodore Andrea (1909). "The Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report" (pdf). British Olympic Association. pp. 286?297.

[23] Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.

[24] Syers, Edgar; Syers, Madge (1913). The Art of Skating (international style). London: Horace Cox. OCLC 504245141 .

[25] Wilson, Judith (2004). "Syers, Florence Madeline [Madge] (1881?1917)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May 2011.

[26] "Hall of Fame Members". World Figure Skating Hall of Fame . Retrieved 1 January 2011.

[27] "History". International Skating Union . Retrieved 22 May 2011.

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