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????? ????????	1852

?????????? ^[1]^[2] ?? ??????????? ^[3] ?? ??????? ??????? ^[4]^[5] ?? ?????????????? ^[5]^[6] ( ??????????? : Gyroscope )? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ^[??????????] ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? .

????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? (??????) ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? (???????? ???????) ?? " ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? (??????).

?????? : ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????.

?????? : ????? ??????? ???????? ?? : ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

??????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? Ring laser gyroscope. ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? 2010 ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? - ???? ????? ????? ????? - ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? Proof Mass ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ????? (1979). ????? ????? ??????: ???? - ??????? (???????? ???????????). ?????: ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ?. 127. ISBN : 978-977-85230-6-5 . OCLC : 1232309353 . QID : Q107398622 .
^ ???? ??????? ???????? (???????? ??????????? ?????????)? ????: ???? ????? ??????? ????? ? 2015? ?. 133? OCLC : 1049313657 ? QID : Q113016239
^ ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????: (???????? ?????? ????) . ????? ??????? ??????? (21) (???????? ??????????? ?????????). ??????: ???? ????? ??????? . 1999. ?. 48. ISBN : 978-9981-1888-3-9 . OCLC : 47775738 . QID : Q116002148 .
^ ???? ???????? (???????? ???????????)? ???????: ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ? 2009? ?. 401? OCLC : 1413905379 ? QID : Q115512557
^ ^? ^? ???? ?????? ??? ???? (1998). ???? ???? ?????? (??????). ???????? ??????? ??????? (?. 1). ?????: ????? ????? ?????? . ?. 428. ISBN : 978-9953-33-776-0 . OCLC : 745323823 . QID : Q118142307 .
^ [?] ???? ???????? ? ???? ???????? (2008). ?????? ??????: ????? ??????? ???? (???????? ???????????) (?. 1). ?????: ??? ????? ???????? . ?. 516. ISBN : 978-9953-63-541-5 . OCLC : 405515532 . OL : 50197876M . QID : Q112315598 .
[?] ???? ??????? ???????? (???????? ??????????? ?????????)? ????: ???? ????? ??????? ????? ? 2015? ?. 205? OCLC : 1049313657 ? QID : Q113016239
[??] ???? ???????? (2005). ?????? ??????: ????? ??????? ???? ???? (???????? ???????????). ??????: ???? ???????? (?. 1). ?????: ??? ????? ???????? . ?. 855. ISBN : 978-9953-9021-6-6 . OCLC : 829330815 . OL : 13208957M . QID : Q107009855 .
[?] ???? ???? ?????? (1991)? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????: ??????? - ???? ???? ??????? (???????? ???????????) (?. 6)? ?????: ????? ????? ?????? ? ?. 266? OCLC : 4770179648 ? QID : Q113378929
[??] ??? ???? ?????? (1999)? ?????? ??????: ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? (???????? ???????????) (?. 2)? ?????: ????? ????? ?????? ? ?. 540? OCLC : 1039055899 ? QID : Q117808099

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? (???????????)
????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????? (???????????)

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ????

[1] ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? ????? (1979). ????? ????? ??????: ???? - ??????? (???????? ???????????). ?????: ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ?. 127. ISBN : 978-977-85230-6-5 . OCLC : 1232309353 . QID : Q107398622 .

[2] ???? ??????? ???????? (???????? ??????????? ?????????)? ????: ???? ????? ??????? ????? ? 2015? ?. 133? OCLC : 1049313657 ? QID : Q113016239

[3] ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????: (???????? ?????? ????) . ????? ??????? ??????? (21) (???????? ??????????? ?????????). ??????: ???? ????? ??????? . 1999. ?. 48. ISBN : 978-9981-1888-3-9 . OCLC : 47775738 . QID : Q116002148 .

[4] ???? ???????? (???????? ???????????)? ???????: ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ? 2009? ?. 401? OCLC : 1413905379 ? QID : Q115512557

[:0-5] ? ^? ???? ?????? ??? ???? (1998). ???? ???? ?????? (??????). ???????? ??????? ??????? (?. 1). ?????: ????? ????? ?????? . ?. 428. ISBN : 978-9953-33-776-0 . OCLC : 745323823 . QID : Q118142307 .

[6] [?] ???? ???????? ? ???? ???????? (2008). ?????? ??????: ????? ??????? ???? (???????? ???????????) (?. 1). ?????: ??? ????? ???????? . ?. 516. ISBN : 978-9953-63-541-5 . OCLC : 405515532 . OL : 50197876M . QID : Q112315598 .
[?] ???? ??????? ???????? (???????? ??????????? ?????????)? ????: ???? ????? ??????? ????? ? 2015? ?. 205? OCLC : 1049313657 ? QID : Q113016239
[??] ???? ???????? (2005). ?????? ??????: ????? ??????? ???? ???? (???????? ???????????). ??????: ???? ???????? (?. 1). ?????: ??? ????? ???????? . ?. 855. ISBN : 978-9953-9021-6-6 . OCLC : 829330815 . OL : 13208957M . QID : Q107009855 .
[?] ???? ???? ?????? (1991)? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????: ??????? - ???? ???? ??????? (???????? ???????????) (?. 6)? ?????: ????? ????? ?????? ? ?. 266? OCLC : 4770179648 ? QID : Q113378929
[??] ??? ???? ?????? (1999)? ?????? ??????: ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? (???????? ???????????) (?. 2)? ?????: ????? ????? ?????? ? ?. 540? OCLC : 1039055899 ? QID : Q117808099

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

? ? ? ????????
???????? ?????? ????????	????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????
???????? ??????	????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? Crankshaft position sensor Curb feeler Defect detector ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? Hall effect sensor MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Omniview technology ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? Torque sensor Transmission fluid temperature sensor ^{[???? ????]}‏ Turbine speed sensor ^{[???? ????]}‏ Variable reluctance sensor Vehicle speed sensor ^{[???? ????]}‏ Water sensor Wheel speed sensor
?????? ??????????	????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? Catalytic bead sensor ?????? ?????????? field-effect transistor Electro?????? ?????????? gas sensor Electrolyte?insulator?semiconductor sensor ??? ???????? Fluorescent chloride sensors Holographic sensor ???? ??? ???????????? analyzer Hydrogen sensor ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? Infrared point sensor ??? ??????? ?????? Microwave chemistry sensor ???? ??? ????? ?????????? Nondispersive infrared sensor Olfactometer Optode ???? ???????? Pellistor ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? Zinc oxide nanorod sensor
?????????? ???????????? ????????	???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? Hall effect sensor Hall probe ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? MEMS magnetic field sensor ???? ??????? Planar Hall sensor Radio direction finder Test light
??????? ?????? ?????	????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? Electro?????? ?????????? gas sensor Fish counter Frequency domain sensor ????? ????? Hook gauge evaporimeter Humistor ???? ???? ??????? Leaf sensor ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? Pyrgeometer ????? Rain sensor SNOTEL Snow gauge Soil moisture sensor Stream gauge Tide gauge ????? ?????
?????? ? ???? ???????	???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? Gas meter Mass flow sensor ???? ????
????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????	???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????-???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????
????? ???????	???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? Depth gauge Fluxgate compass ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? Inertial reference unit ????? ????????????? ????????? Ring laser gyroscope ???? ???????? ????? ??????? Vibrating structure gyroscope Yaw-rate sensor
??????? ???????? ???????	????? ????? Angular rate sensor Auxanometer Capacitive displacement sensor Capacitive sensing ????? ???????? ??????? ????? Integrated circuit piezoelectric sensor ???? ?????? ????? Laser surface velocimeter ????? Linear encoder ???? ?????? ????? ??? Liquid capacitive inclinometers ???? ????? ???? ???????? Piezoelectric accelerometer ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? Selsyn Sudden Motion Sensor ???? ????? ????? Ultrasonic thickness gauge Variable reluctance sensor Velocity receiver
????? ???? ???????	Active pixel sensor Angle?sensitive pixel Back-illuminated sensor ???? ?????? ?????? Contact image sensor ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ^{[???? ????]}‏ ?????? ??? ??????? Kinetic inductance detector ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? Light-addressable potentiometric sensor Nichols radiometer ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? Photoionization detector ????? ???? ?????? ????? Photoswitch ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? Scintillometer Shack?Hartmann wavefront sensor ????? ???? ????? Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector ??? ???? ?????? Tristimulus colorimeter Visible-light photon counter ?????? ????? ??????
?????	????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? Boost gauge ???? ????? Hot-filament ionization gauge ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? Oscillating U-tube Permanent Downhole Gauge Piezometer Pirani gauge ???? ????? Pressure sensor Tactile sensor Time pressure gauge
?????? ???????? ???????	Bhangmeter ????? ????? ????? Level sensor Load cell Magnetic level gauge Nuclear density gauge ??? ??????? ????? ???????? Torque sensor ????? ???????
????????? ???????? ???? ???????	????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? Exhaust gas temperature gauge Flame detection Gardon gauge ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? Microwave radiometer Net radiometer Quartz thermometer Resistance thermometer Silicon bandgap temperature sensor Special sensor microwave/imager ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????
????? ? ??????	?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? Occupancy sensor ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? Stud finder ????? ????? Triangulation sensor ???? ?? ????? ^{[???? ????]}‏
????? ?????????	Active pixel sensor Back-illuminated sensor ????? ????? ?????? ???? Capacitance probe Carbon paste electrode Catadioptric sensor Digital sensors Displacement receiver Electromechanical film ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????-???? Fisheries acoustics ???? (?????) Image sensor format Inductive sensor Intelligent sensor ????? ??? ????? Leaf sensor ???? ???? ??? ????????????? ???? ????? ????? Quantum sensor ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? Radar tracker Sensor array Sensor fusion Sensor grid Sensor node Soft sensor ????? Staring array ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? Video ????? ????????? Visual sensor network ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????
??? ???	????? ????? ?????????