????? ??? ?????

??????? ????
?????	???????? ???????
????? ?????	????? ??? (??????) ; ????? ??????? ; ????? ????? ????? ; ??? ????? ??????
????? ?? ???????	???? ????
????? ??	????? ???

????? ??? ????? ( ??????????? : Hudson River School )? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? . ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????.

??? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? . ^[2]

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? (1830?1902)
?????? ????? ????? (1828?1898)
??? ?????? ???????? (1811?1893)
????? ????? ????? (1826?1900)
????? ??? (1801?1848)
?????? ?????? (1832?1920)
????? ??????? ?????? (1823?1900)
????? ?????? (1793?1856)
????? ??. ???????? (1821?1872)
??? ????? ?????? (1796?1886)
??????? ??????? ?????? (1823?1880)
???? ???????? ???? (1828?1901)
?????? ???? (1823?1894)
?????? ?????? ??????? (1835?1900)
????? ?????? ??? (1819?1904)
?????? ??????? ?????? (1832?1932)
????? ??? (1829?1908)
????? ?????? (1827?1908)
??? ??????? ?????? (1816?1872)
?????? ?????? (1828?1891)
????? ????? (1837?1926)
????? ????? ??? (1803?1889)
???????? ??????? (1820?1910)
??????? ?????? ????? (1835?1886)

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ???? ????: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cole/hd_cole.htm .
^ Howat, John K (1987). American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. pp. 3, 4.

????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???????.

[afb7d250bb4816b686a2745b4ff165e8024a7327-1] ???? ????: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cole/hd_cole.htm .

[2] Howat, John K (1987). American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. pp. 3, 4.

[1]

[2]

? ? ? ????????
????????	????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????
????? ????????	??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ( ????? ?????? ? ??? ? ????? ) ????? ??????? ???????? ??????
?????? ?????????	??????? ?????? ?????? ?. ?. ????? ?. ?. ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????
?????? ????????	??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????
?????? ????????? ?????????	????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????
??????? ?????????	?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????
?????????? ???	??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????
???????? ≫ ≪ ??? ???????