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???????? ???????? ( ???????????: urban planner)? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? .

?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ^[1]^[2] ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? (ISOCARP) ?? ??? 1965 ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? 700 ??? ?? ???? ?? 80 ????. ^[3]

?????????? [ ??? ]

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????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????.

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?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????.

?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????.

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???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? . ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????. ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.

????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????.

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?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? .

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????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? (??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???) ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????.

????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? .

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??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? "CIP" ?? ?? ???????.

???????? ???????? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? (MUP) (??????? ?? ????? ?????)? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????)? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? (??????? ?? ???????? ???????) ?? ???? ????? ???????.

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? . ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? .

????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? 1941 ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1955 ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1959. ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????????.

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ??? 1965. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? .

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????.

????????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????. ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????.

??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????.

.

??????? [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? (NITP) ????? ????? ????? ????? (TOPREC) ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????.

?????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????. ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ≪??? ????≫ ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????. ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????.

??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? "The Van Buren Boys"? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????.

??????? [ ??? ]

^ "Planning Specializations" . Choosing the Planning Profession . American Planning Association. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-12-02 .
^ "List of Job Titles - Urban and land use planners (NOC 2153-A)" . National Occupational Classification 2011 -ESDC . Government of Canada. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-12-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-12-02 .
^ "Home - ISOCARP" . ISOCARP (??????????? ?????????). Archived from the original on 2017-03-26 . Retrieved 2018-10-24 .

???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[1] "Planning Specializations" . Choosing the Planning Profession . American Planning Association. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-12-02 .

[2] "List of Job Titles - Urban and land use planners (NOC 2153-A)" . National Occupational Classification 2011 -ESDC . Government of Canada. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-12-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-12-02 .

[3] "Home - ISOCARP" . ISOCARP (??????????? ?????????). Archived from the original on 2017-03-26 . Retrieved 2018-10-24 .

[1]

[2]

[3]