????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????
?????
? ????? ??? ????? ????
?????
?????? ??? ?????
????? ????? ??
?????
(1271?1304) (
??????????
: Газан)? (
????????
: 合贊) ???? ??????
?????????
??
?????
? ??? ?? ??? ??? 1295 ??? ????? 1304. ??? ???
????? ???
?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???
????? ???
. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? 694 ?? / 1295 ? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????
?????? ???
???????
????? ????
?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????.
[1]
??? ???? ?? ???? ??
????????
??????? ???
?????
? ????? ?????? ??
????? ?????
. ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????
[2]
? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????.
??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??
?????
?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??
5 ???
694 ??
/
21 ????
1295
?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??
????????
???
??????
???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??
??????????
[3]
? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? 5 ?????? 1295. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????
[4]
????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????
[5]
? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????
???? ????? ??? ???? ??????
(??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????).
??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????
??????? ??????
?????? ??
?????
. ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????.
[1]
??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????
?????????
? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ??????
?????
?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????
???????
????????.
???????
[
???
]
????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???
????? ???
. ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???
??????
(????? ?????). ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????.
[6]
??? ????? ?????? ??????
[7]
? ????? ????
????????
. ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????
???????
?????
???????? ?????????
???????????
.
[8]
???? ???? ????? ??? 681 ?? / 1282 ? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? 11 ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???
??????
?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????.
????? ?????
[
???
]
????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????.
????? ?? ????? ?? ?????
??? ?? ??? 1289 ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????
????? ?????
? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???
????? ???
. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??
???? ??????
.
????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 1291? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??
??????
????????
. ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????
???????
????? ???? ?????????.
[9]
??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????
?????? ???????
??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????.
[10]
?? ????? 1294/1295 ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??
???????
[11]
? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????.
???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????
?????? ???
???????
????? ????
?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????.
[12]
?????? ????? ?????
[
???
]
?? ??? 1295 ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????
????? ?? ?????
??? ?? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? 5 ?????? 1295. ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ????
[13]
? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???
?????? ?????
??????
??? ?????? (4 ????? 694 ??/ 19 ?????? 1295)
[4]
???? ?? ??? 16 ????? 1295.
[14]
[15]
????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???
????????
? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????.
???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???
?????
? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????
?????????
????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????
???????
.
[16]
??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??
??????
?????? ?????? ???? ??????
??????
????????
. ????? ????? ?????
??????
???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????
????????
? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????????.
[17]
??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????
[18]
? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????
?????
. ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??
??????
.
[19]
?? ???? 1297 ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??
??????
. ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???
?????
????
?????????
? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? 13 ?????.
[20]
???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????
[21]
? ???? ??? 1298
???? ????? ??? ???? ????????
(??? ???? ?? ???? ??????) ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? 1318.
[20]
??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????
???? ????????
. ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????.
???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????????
[
???
]
??? ????? ?????
???? ???? ???? ??? ?????
??? ????? ?????? ??
??????? ???????
? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
?????? ???
????????? ???? ??????????? ?????
????? ?????
??
????? ????
?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 1295. ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???. ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? 1296 ? 1299. ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????.
???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???
??????? ???????
, ??? ??? 1296 ????
????? ???
?????
?????? ???
????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????.
[22]
?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????.
[23]
??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???
????? ???
????
??????? ???????
??? ????????-???????
[
???
]
???? ?????? ?? ????? 1299 - 1300
?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????????
??????????
?? ?????? ??????
??? ?????-?????
?? ????? ??????? ???
????????
. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??
??????
??????????
. ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????.
[24]
??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????.
[25]
??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? 1299 ???? ????????? ????????? ????.
[26]
????? ???? ?? ????????? ???
???
? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???
??????
??? ??? ????? ???
????? ??????
?????? ?????? ?????
? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????.
[27]
??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??
????? ???? ????????
?????? 27 ???? ????? 699 ?? / 23 ?? 24 ?????? ?? ??? 1299? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? (?? 200 ???? ????? ????) ????? ????? ?????? (?? 5 ??? 14 ??? ????).
[28]
???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????
?????
? ?????? ???
???
??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????.
[29]
?????? ???? ?????
????? ????
?? ?????? ?? ??? 30 ?????? 1299 ?6 ????? 1300 ???????? ???? ???? ??????
??????
? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????
[28]
[30]
[31]
[32]
??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????.
???? ????? ?? ??? ?????
[
???
]
????
?????
?? ??? ?????????
??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????
??? ?????
?????? ???? ??? ??????? 3 ???? ????? 699 ?? / 28 ?????? 1299 ? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????
?????
???????? ??????? ????.
[33]
???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ????????: ≪?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????≫.
[33]
??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????.
[33]
?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????. ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????
??????
??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????.
[34]
???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? (????? 10,000 ????) ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? 3 ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? 1300.
[35]
?? ????? 1300 ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? 16 ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????.
[36]
[37]
?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??
????? ?????
???????? ??? ??????? ???
?????
??? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? 1303 (????
???? ?????
[??????????]
)
????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????
????? ??????
?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? 1303.
[38]
???? ?????? ?? ?????? 1301 ???? ??????? 60000 ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????????. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? (???????) ????? 2
?????
(?? 20000 ????) ???????? ??
??? ??????
? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????????.
[39]
???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? 1301 ??? ????? ??????
??????? ??????
?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????.
[39]
???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? 1302 ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????
????? ?????? ????
????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? 27 ????? 1303.
[40]
??? ??? 1303 ???? ????? ????? ???? ???
?????? ?????
????? ?? ?? ??? ??????
?????? ???
??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????.
[41]
??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? 80000 ????? ??? ???
????? ?????
[??????????]
???
????? ?????
.
[42]
???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??
????? ??? ????
? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? 2 ????? ???
702 ??
/ 20 ?????
1303?
[43]
? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????.
[44]
?????
[
???
]
- ^
?
?
????? ????? ???????: ??????.
??? ?????? ??????? (?????)
. 1406 ?? - 1986 ?. ?: 324
- ^
?????? ????? ????? ???????. ?. ??? ???? ?????. ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????. 1428 ?? /2008 ?. 303/2-305
- ^
Steppes, pp. 377-378
- ^
?
?
????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?.
???? ???? ????
? ??? ???????? ?:??????. ?:1428 ??/2007.
ISBN 9953-18-434-8
- ^
????????
?
??????
? ?2? ?(374-375)
- ^
???? ?????
.
???? ????????
- ^
"Ghazan had been baptized and raised a Christian",
??????? ?????
,
Religions of the Silk Road
, p.128
- ^
Charles Melville, "Padshah-i Islam: the conversion of Sultan Mahmud Ghazan Khan,p.159-177"
- ^
Rashid al-Din - Ibid, p.I,d.III
- ^
Rene Grousset - The Empire of Steppes
- ^
Jackson, p.170
- ^
Marco Polo, Giovanni Battista Baldelli Boni, Hugh Murray, Societe de geographie (France)-The Travels of Marco Polo
- ^
"??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????" Foltz, p.128
- ^
The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages
A. S. Atiya p.256
ff
???? ??????
13 ???? 2016 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
??? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ?????.? ??????: 1421-2000
- ^
Christopher P.Atwood
Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
, p.199
- ^
Amitai, see Section VI?Ghazan, Islam and Mongol Tradition?Pg 9 and Section VII?Sufis and Shamans, Pg 34.
- ^
Roux, p.430
- ^
Foltz, p.129
- ^
?
?
Roux, p.432
- ^
Jackson, p.177
- ^
Yuan Chueh-Chingjung chu-shih chi, ch.34. p.22
- ^
Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia By Thomas T. Allsen, p.34
- ^
"The Trial of the Templars", Malcolm Barber, 2nd edition, page 22: "???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????".
- ^
Roux, p.410
- ^
Demurger, p.143
- ^
Demurger, p.142 (French edition) "????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???
??????
???? ????? ???
????? ??????
?????? ?????? ?????
? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????."
- ^
?
?
Demurger, p. 142
- ^
?????????2/326
- ^
???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. -(?????????? 4/191)
- ^
Runciman, p.439
- ^
"Adh-Dhababi's Record of the Destruction of Damascus by the Mongols in 1299-1301", Note 18, p.359
- ^
?
?
?
??? ??????? ??? ?????.
???? ??????
????? ?????. ????? ??????. ??????. ?:???????.
- ^
???? ????? ??????
(????? ??????? ????????): ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? 1966
- ^
Demurger (p.146, French edition): "??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????."
- ^
Demurger, p. 147
- ^
Schein, 1979, p. 811
- ^
In "Le Royaume Armenien de Cilicie", p.74-75
- ^
?
?
Jean Richard, p.481
- ^
Schein, p.813
- ^
Encyclopedia Iranica article
- ^
Demurger, "Jacques de Molay", p.158
- ^
Demurger, p. 158
- ^
Nicolle, p. 80
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