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	?? ?????? ; 7 ???? 2000 ? 10 ????? 2003
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	?? ?????? ; 21 ?????? 2000 ? 9 ?????? 2005
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	?? ?????? ; 1993 ? 2000
	???? ?????? ???? ????
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	?? ?????? ; 1986 ? 1993
????? ????
	?? ?????? ; 1980 ? 1986
??????? ?????
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??????	22 ?????? 2020 (78–79 ???) ; ????
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??????	????????? ??????? ??????? (1941?1958) ; ????????? ??????? ??????? (1958?1961) ; ????? (1961?2020)
?????? ???????
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???? ????? ???? (1941 ???? - 22 ????? ????? 2020 ???? )? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? 7 ???? 2000 ??? 10 ????? 2003.

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? 1941. ^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ^[3] ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? . ^[6]^[7]

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1966. ^[6] ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? 1980 ??? 1986. ^[6] ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 1986 ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? 1993. ^[6] ?? ??? 1993 ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? 2000. ^[6]^[8] ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????. ^[9] ?? ????? 2000 ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ^[3]

?? 7 ???? 2000 ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ^[10]^[11] ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 1987 ????? ???????. ^[12] ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? 13 ???? 2000 ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????. ^[13] ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? 2000 ?? ????? ???? ?? 9 ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????. ^[14]

????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? 2001? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? . ^[13] ?? ????? ????? 2001? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ^[9] ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ≪???????? ???????≫ ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????? ????????? ^[13] ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? . ?? ???? 2003 ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? 17 ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ^[15]

?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? 2003? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????. ^[13] ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????. ^[10] ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????. ^[16] ????? ?????? ?? ?????? 2005 ?????? ???????. ^[17]^[18]^[19]

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??????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? "???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????" . ??? ???? . 22 ?????? 2020. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-12-22 .
^ "???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????" . ?? ?? ??????? . 22 ?????? 2020. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-12-22 .
^ ^? ^? ^? "On the new Syrian government" . Arabic News . 12 ?????? 2001. ????? ?? ????? ?? 12 ?????? 2008 . ???? ???? ?????? 24 ?????? 2013 .
^ "Syria Primer" (PDF) . Virtual Information Center. 24 ????? 2003. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 22 ?????? 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? 2 ???? 2013 .
^ Robert G. Rabil (2006). Syria, The United States, and the War on Terror in the Middle East . Greenwood Publishing Group. ?. 31. ISBN : 978-0-275-99015-2 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-15 .
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Zisser? Eyal (?????? 2000). "Will Bashshar al-Asad Rule?" . The Middle East Quarterly . ?. VII ?. 3: 3?12. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-11-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-14 .
^ ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? 15 ????? ????? / ?????? 2001 ^{[
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^ "Syria: A commitment to change" . Euromoney . ????? 2001. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-02-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-10 .
^ ^? ^? East? Roger? Thomas? Richard (2003). Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders . Routledge. ?. 505. ISBN : 1-85743-126-X . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-07-17.
^ ^? ^? "Syria appoints new prime minister" . BBC . 10 ?????? 2003. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-08-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-10 .
^ Political Chronology of the Middle East . Routledge. 12 ?????? 2012. ?. 2038. ISBN : 978-1-135-35673-6 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-10 .
^ The Middle East and North Africa 2003 . Europa Publications. 2003. ?. 1019. ISBN : 978-1-85743-132-2 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-15 .
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? Europa World Year Book 2 . Taylor & Francis. 2004. ?. 4057?4061. ISBN : 1-85743-255-X . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-01-04.
^ "Bashar Aims to Consolidate Power in the Short-Term and to Open up Gradually" . APS Diplomat News Service . 19 ????? 2000. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-26 .
^ Bal? ?dris (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era . Universal Publishers. ?. 369. ISBN : 1-58112-423-6 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-13.
^ Moubayed? Sami (26 ???? ? 1 ????? 2005). "The faint smell of jasmine" . Al Ahram Weekly . ?. 744. ????? ?? ????? ?? 25 ???? 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? 2 ???? 2013 .
^ Moubayed? Sami (????? 2005). "Syria: Reform or Repair?" (PDF) . Arab Reform Bulletin . ?. 3 ?. 6. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-03-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-08 .
^ ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? 621 ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? 13 ?????? / ????? ????? 2001. ???? ?????? 2018-08-05 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
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????? ???? ??????? .

???? ????? ??????	???? ????? ????? ???? 2000 - ????? 2003	???? ???? ???? ????

[wikidata-bed98e2c22c919af25b7acb288dba71c28bf6bf7-1] ? ^? "???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????" . ??? ???? . 22 ?????? 2020. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-12-22 .

[wikidata-231620f7340f748be1eb120c455aae7ea5936a05-2] "???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????" . ?? ?? ??????? . 22 ?????? 2020. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-12-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-12-22 .

[ara12dec-3] ? ^? ^? "On the new Syrian government" . Arabic News . 12 ?????? 2001. ????? ?? ????? ?? 12 ?????? 2008 . ???? ???? ?????? 24 ?????? 2013 .

[vic24apr-4] "Syria Primer" (PDF) . Virtual Information Center. 24 ????? 2003. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 22 ?????? 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? 2 ???? 2013 .

[5] Robert G. Rabil (2006). Syria, The United States, and the War on Terror in the Middle East . Greenwood Publishing Group. ?. 31. ISBN : 978-0-275-99015-2 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-15 .

[zis-6] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Zisser? Eyal (?????? 2000). "Will Bashshar al-Asad Rule?" . The Middle East Quarterly . ?. VII ?. 3: 3?12. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-11-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-08-14 .

[7] ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? 15 ????? ????? / ?????? 2001 ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 2020-05-27 ?? Wayback Machine

[8] "Syria: A commitment to change" . Euromoney . ????? 2001. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-02-03 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-10 .

[East-9] ? ^? East? Roger? Thomas? Richard (2003). Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders . Routledge. ?. 505. ISBN : 1-85743-126-X . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-07-17.

[bbc03-10] ? ^? "Syria appoints new prime minister" . BBC . 10 ?????? 2003. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-08-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-10 .

[Publications2012-11] Political Chronology of the Middle East . Routledge. 12 ?????? 2012. ?. 2038. ISBN : 978-1-135-35673-6 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-08 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-02-10 .

[Eur2003-12] The Middle East and North Africa 2003 . Europa Publications. 2003. ?. 1019. ISBN : 978-1-85743-132-2 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-15 .

[Taylor-13] ? ^? ^? ^? Europa World Year Book 2 . Taylor & Francis. 2004. ?. 4057?4061. ISBN : 1-85743-255-X . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-01-04.

[14] "Bashar Aims to Consolidate Power in the Short-Term and to Open up Gradually" . APS Diplomat News Service . 19 ????? 2000. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-26 .

[15] Bal? ?dris (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era . Universal Publishers. ?. 369. ISBN : 1-58112-423-6 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-13.

[16] Moubayed? Sami (26 ???? ? 1 ????? 2005). "The faint smell of jasmine" . Al Ahram Weekly . ?. 744. ????? ?? ????? ?? 25 ???? 2013 . ???? ???? ?????? 2 ???? 2013 .

[17] Moubayed? Sami (????? 2005). "Syria: Reform or Repair?" (PDF) . Arab Reform Bulletin . ?. 3 ?. 6. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2016-03-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2013-03-08 .

[18] ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? 621 ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? 13 ?????? / ????? ????? 2001. ???? ?????? 2018-08-05 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
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[19] ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? 13 ?????? / ????? ????? 2001. ???? ?????? 2014-01-12 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
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? ? ? ????? ????? ????? ( ????? )
??????? ??????? ??????? (1920)	??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??????? * ? ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??????
???????? ??????? ??? ????? (1946-1920)	???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 1932 ? ??? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?? ? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ???? 1939-1941 ? ???? ????? ? ??? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ???????
????????? ??????? (1958-1946)	????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ???? ????? * ? ???? ???? ?? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ??????
????????? ??????? ??????? (1961-1958)	????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ??????
????????? ??????? ??????? (1961-??? ????)	????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ? ????? ????????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ??????? ? ???? ???? ? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ??????? ^(????) ? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????
* ????????