??? ????? ??????
??????? ?????
??? ???????	??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????
???????	??? 1886   ????????
??????	30 ?????? 1969 (82–83 ???)  ???????
???? ?????	???????
???????	???????
???????	???? ? ????
?????	????
???????	????
???????	??? ??? ????? ??????
????	??? ????? ??????
????	???? ??? ???? ??????
??????	??? ???????? (??? ???) ??? ????? ???????? (??? ???) ???? ???? ???????? (??? ???)
?????? ???????
??????? ????	???? ????
???? ???	??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?   ????? ???????? ?   ????? ????? ???????
??????	????
????? ????	???????
??????	???????
????? ?????	???? ?????? ?   ???? ?????? ?   ???????? ?? ??????? ?   ???????? ?? ????? ????????     [???? ????] ‏
????? ????? - ?????

??? ????? ?????? (1886 - 30 ?????? 1969?)? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??? 1920?? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? . ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ??????: ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? .

??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? 19? ?????? ????? 20? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? . ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????. ^[1]

???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? 1908 ???? ???? ????? (?????) ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? (??? ?????) ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ≪???? ?????? ????????≫ ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????.

???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? (????????) ?? ???? ??? 1335?? (1917?) ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????.

????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? 1918? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ≪???????≫.

??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? 1920 ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? 1344?? (????? ??? 1925?)? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? (??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????) ??????? ?????? ?????: (???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????).

???? ???? (???????) ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? 1343?? (1924?)? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????.

??? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1344?? (1926?) ???? ????? (?????) ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????:≪ ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????. ≫ ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 1367?? (1948?)? ????:≪ ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ≫

???? ????? ????? ???? (??????) ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? (1952 - 1958?) ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????.

??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? 1933?.

?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? 1303 ?? / 1886? . ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? . ^[2] ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ????: ≪????? ????? ??? ????? ≫ ?≪????? ????? ??????≫? ?≪??? ???????≫. ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ?????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ???????.

????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????:≪ ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ≫ ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????: ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????. ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????.

???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? . ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? . ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????.

?????? ???????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? 1906? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????: ??????? ???????? ?????? ??≪????????≫? ??? ≪????????????≫ ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????: ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ≪????? ?????? ????????≫? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????.

??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ≪?????? ?????? ????????≫ ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? .

????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ? ????? -?????- ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? : ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????????. ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? 1908? ??? ??? ???? ? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ≪??? ?????≫? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??? 1913? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????.

?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? 1918? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? .

?????? ??? ????????? ??? 1920? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????.

???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????: ≪?????? ?? ???? ???????≫ ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???.

????? ?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ???????? ??????????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ≪???? ?????? ????????≫ ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ≪?????? ??? ?????? ????????≫ ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????????.

?? ?????????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 1844? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? 1902? ? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???.

?? ???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????.

???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? [ ??? ]

?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ≪???? ?????≫ ?? ??? 1368?? / 1947? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ≪????? ???????≫ ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???:≪ ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????. ≫ ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????:≪ ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? 17 ????? 1392 ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? (60). ≫

????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ( ??????? ??????? ????????) ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? . ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? . ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????.

??????? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? (????????) ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ????????? ??? ???????? 21 ???? ??? 1389 ?? ? ??????? 30 ?????? ??? 1969? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????.

????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? :≪ ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ≫ ????:

??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????:

• ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????.
• ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????.
• ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.
• ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????.

??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? . ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????.

???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????.

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ??? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????: ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????.

?????: ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????.

???? ???? [ ??? ]

• ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????

????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? :
	??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

• ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????≫ ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???? 1986 (2/ 847- 862).

• ????? ?????
• ????? ?????
• ????? ???