??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? 1992

??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? 1992
???????	1992
?????	???????
??????	???????
	????? ????? - ?????

???? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??? 1992 ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????-200 ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 1992 ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????-200.

??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? 143 ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????. ^[1]

??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? (?? ?? ???) ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????. ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ^[2]^[3]

???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? -???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????- ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ^[4]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??? 1958? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????. ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? -????????? ?????? ?????? ???????- ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? 40%. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? 4 ????????? ????? ??????? ????????. ^[5]^[6]

??? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? (??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????) ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? . ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? 25%. ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???. ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ^[7]

??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ??? 1989? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ≪????????≫ ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? 1989. ^[8]

???? ??????????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ( ??????? ?? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ) ?? ???????? ????? ??????? . ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????. ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? 1988 ????? ?? ??? ?????. ^[9]

??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ( ???????????? )? ????? ??? ??? 1958. ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????.

??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? 200 (?? ?? ??-200) ??? 1982? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????. ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????.

?? ?????? ??? 1989 ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? (????? ???????) ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ??? 1989 ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? -???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????- ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ^[10]^[11]^[12]

??? ????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? 40 ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????. ^[13]

??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 1938 ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? 20 ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? . ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????. ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? (??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???). ^[14]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ?? ?? ?? , Thursday, 5 December 2002, 21:30 GMT, Profile: Hugo Chavez, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1925236.stm ???? ?????? 2022-03-26 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Latell? Brian (2012). Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, the CIA and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy . ??????? : Palgrave Macmillan . ?. 81?82. ISBN : 978-1-137-27841-8 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ref duplicates default ( link )
^ Latell 2012 ? ????? 188?189
^ Maria Delgado? Antonio (16 ?????? 2015). "Libro devela sangriento objetivo de la intentona golpista de Hugo Chavez" . El Nuevo Herald. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-11-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-02-17 .
^ Nelson? Brian A. (2009). The silence and the scorpion : the coup against Chavez and the making of modern Venezuela (?. online). New York: Nation Books. ?. 1 ?3. ISBN : 1568584180 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )
^ Statistical Abstract of the United States , 1971. 1982, and 1994 editions, "Comparative International Statistics"
^ Schuyler 2001 ? ???? 10
^ ?? ?? ?? , 28 February 2011 Last updated at 00:03 GMT, Victims of Venezuela's Caracazo clashes reburied, By Sarah Grainger, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12593085 ???? ?????? 2022-03-26 ?? Wayback Machine
^ La revolucion de la guerrilla ???? ?????? 16 ????? 2011 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
???? ??????
]}
^ Penaloza? General Carlos (2014). El Delfin de Fidel: La historia oculta tras el golpe del 4F . ?. 196. ISBN : 1505750334 . If the USSR were to fall, we would still be surprised by the news that the USSR disintegrated, even in those circumstances Cuba and the Cuban revolution would continue to fight. And that moment Fidel had already made the decision to promote a coup in Venezuela in late 1989.
^ Penaloza? General Carlos (2014). El Delfin de Fidel: La historia oculta tras el golpe del 4F . ?. 197. ISBN : 1505750334 . ... although it was said that ?????? ????? was the head of the movement, behind the scenes the supreme director was Fidel Castro. Chavez was just the military leader of a civil-military conspiracy that would take face to avoid US reactions.
^ Penaloza? General Carlos (2014). El Delfin de Fidel: La historia oculta tras el golpe del 4F . ?. 185. ISBN : 1505750334 . On February 5, 1989, the transmission of Lusinchi's command to Perez was effected with a lavish ceremony unprecedented in a democracy. Fidel ... was pressured by the "perestroika" that threatened the existence of the Cuban communist regime. The Soviet economic problems made it urgent to control Venezuela to enjoy its oil income ... Fidel stole the show with his Bolivarian allusions of the Latin American Union and a call to fight against Yankee imperialism ... the Cubans and their materials arrived at Caracas on a bus and the buses and trucks to the Eurobuilding hotel ... they were delivered three days before the arrival of Fidel to Cuban G2 officers who paid their rent in advance and made strange demands. ... After the "coronation", part of the Cuban contingent left the country ... sources reported from Maiquetia that fewer Cubans had left than those who had entered
^ Clifford C. Rohde, Jamie Fellner, Cynthia G. Brown (1993), Human rights in Venezuela , ????? ????? ???? , pp. 61?5 ???? ?????? 2014-01-01 ?? Wayback Machine
^ Clifford C. Rohde, Jamie Fellner, Cynthia G. Brown (1993), Human rights in Venezuela , ????? ????? ???? , pp. 71?2 ???? ?????? 2014-01-01 ?? Wayback Machine

[1] ?? ?? ?? , Thursday, 5 December 2002, 21:30 GMT, Profile: Hugo Chavez, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1925236.stm ???? ?????? 2022-03-26 ?? Wayback Machine

[LatellCuba-2] Latell? Brian (2012). Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, the CIA and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy . ??????? : Palgrave Macmillan . ?. 81?82. ISBN : 978-1-137-27841-8 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ref duplicates default ( link )

[Venezuela1960s-3] Latell 2012 ? ????? 188?189

[ENHfeb2015-4] Maria Delgado? Antonio (16 ?????? 2015). "Libro devela sangriento objetivo de la intentona golpista de Hugo Chavez" . El Nuevo Herald. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-11-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-02-17 .

[Nelson1-5] Nelson? Brian A. (2009). The silence and the scorpion : the coup against Chavez and the making of modern Venezuela (?. online). New York: Nation Books. ?. 1 ?3. ISBN : 1568584180 . {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )

[StatAb-6] Statistical Abstract of the United States , 1971. 1982, and 1994 editions, "Comparative International Statistics"

[schuyler10-7] Schuyler 2001 ? ???? 10

[8] ?? ?? ?? , 28 February 2011 Last updated at 00:03 GMT, Victims of Venezuela's Caracazo clashes reburied, By Sarah Grainger, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12593085 ???? ?????? 2022-03-26 ?? Wayback Machine

[9] La revolucion de la guerrilla ???? ?????? 16 ????? 2011 ?? Wayback Machine ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[DELFIN89-10] Penaloza? General Carlos (2014). El Delfin de Fidel: La historia oculta tras el golpe del 4F . ?. 196. ISBN : 1505750334 . If the USSR were to fall, we would still be surprised by the news that the USSR disintegrated, even in those circumstances Cuba and the Cuban revolution would continue to fight. And that moment Fidel had already made the decision to promote a coup in Venezuela in late 1989.

[DELFINchavSTRO-11] Penaloza? General Carlos (2014). El Delfin de Fidel: La historia oculta tras el golpe del 4F . ?. 197. ISBN : 1505750334 . ... although it was said that ?????? ????? was the head of the movement, behind the scenes the supreme director was Fidel Castro. Chavez was just the military leader of a civil-military conspiracy that would take face to avoid US reactions.

[DELFINcoro-12] Penaloza? General Carlos (2014). El Delfin de Fidel: La historia oculta tras el golpe del 4F . ?. 185. ISBN : 1505750334 . On February 5, 1989, the transmission of Lusinchi's command to Perez was effected with a lavish ceremony unprecedented in a democracy. Fidel ... was pressured by the "perestroika" that threatened the existence of the Cuban communist regime. The Soviet economic problems made it urgent to control Venezuela to enjoy its oil income ... Fidel stole the show with his Bolivarian allusions of the Latin American Union and a call to fight against Yankee imperialism ... the Cubans and their materials arrived at Caracas on a bus and the buses and trucks to the Eurobuilding hotel ... they were delivered three days before the arrival of Fidel to Cuban G2 officers who paid their rent in advance and made strange demands. ... After the "coronation", part of the Cuban contingent left the country ... sources reported from Maiquetia that fewer Cubans had left than those who had entered

[HRW93-61-13] Clifford C. Rohde, Jamie Fellner, Cynthia G. Brown (1993), Human rights in Venezuela , ????? ????? ???? , pp. 61?5 ???? ?????? 2014-01-01 ?? Wayback Machine

[HRW93-71-14] Clifford C. Rohde, Jamie Fellner, Cynthia G. Brown (1993), Human rights in Venezuela , ????? ????? ???? , pp. 71?2 ???? ?????? 2014-01-01 ?? Wayback Machine

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[3]

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[5]

[6]

[7]

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[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

???? ??????

? ? ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? 1991
????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? 2010
??? 1990	???? (1991) ^c ?????? (1991) ^c ??????? ???????? (1991) ????? (1991) ^c ?????? (1991?1992) ^c ??????? (1992) ??????? (1992) ???? (1992) ^‡ ???????? (1992) ^c ??????? (1992) ????????? (1993) ^‡ ???????? (1993) ^c ????? (1993) ^‡ ??????? (1993) ??????? (1993) ^c ?????? (1994) ^c ?????? (1994) ^‡ ???????? (1995) ??? (1995) ^c ??? ???? ???????? (1995) ??????? (1996) ^c ?????? (1996) ^c ??? (1996) ????? (1997) ^c ?????? (1997) ?????? (1998) ??????? ??????? (1998) ?????? (1999) ^c ??????? (1999) ^c ???? ????? (1999) ^c
??? 2000	???? (2000) ^c ????????? (2000) ^c ??????? (2001) ??????? ??????? ?????? (2001) ??????? (2002) ??????? ??????? ?????? (2003) ??????? (2003) ????? ????? (2003) ??? ???? ???????? (2003) ????????? (2003) ???? (2004) ????? (2004) ^c ????? ?????????? (2004) ????????? (2005) ^c ??????? (2006) ???? (2006) ??????? (2006) ^c ?????? (2006) ???? (2006) ^c ???? (2007) ??????? (2007) ????? (2007) ????? ??????? (2008) ????????? (2008) ^c ????? (2008) ^c ?????? (2009) ^c ??????? (2009) ^c
??? 2010	?????? (2010) ^c ????? ????? (2010) ^c ????????? (2010) ?????? (2010) ??????? ??????? ??????????? (2011) ????? ????? (2011) ???????? (2011) ????? ????? ??????? (2012) ???? (2012) ^c ?????? (2012) ????? ????? (2012) ^c ???? ????? (2012) ??????? (2012) ??????? ??????? ?????? (2012?????) ???? (2013) ????? (????? 2013) ??? ????? (2013) ???? (2013) ??? (2013) ^c ????? (?????? 2013) ???? ??????? (2013) ????? (2014) ??????? (2014) ^c ?????? (2014) ?????? (2014) ????? (2014?15) ^c ??????? (2015) ??????? ???? (2015) ????? (2016) ??????? ???? (2016) ????? ?????? (2016) ????? (2016) ???????? (2017) ^c ????? ?????????? (2017) ????? (2018) ^c ???????? (2018) ^‡ ??????? (2019) ??????? (2019)
??? 2020	???? (2020) ^c ??????? ?????? (2021) ??????? (2021) ^c ?????? (2021) ???? (2021) ^c ????? (2021) ^c ???? (2021) ^‡^c ??????? (2021) ?????? ?????? ^c ??????? ???? (2022) ????? ^c ?????? ^c ????? ????? (2022) ??? ???? ???????? (2022) ?????? (2022) ^‡ ?????? (2022) ??????? (2023) ?????? (2023) ^c ??????? (2023) ^c ??????? ???? (2023) ???????? 2023 ????? ????? (2023) ??????? ??????? ??????????? (2024)
^c ?????? ???? ^‡ ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????

? ? ? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? 1930
??? 1930	??????? (1936)
??? 1940	????????? (1943) * ???????? (1945) * ??????? (1945) * ??????? (1948) *
??? 1950	????????? (1951) ???? (1952) * ???????? (1953) * ???????? (1954) * ????????? (1954) * ????????? (1955) * ??????? (1956) * ???????? (1957) * ??????? (1958) * ???????? (1959)
??? 1960	??????? (1961) * ????????? (1962) * ????????? (1963) * ??????? (1963) * ??????? (1963) * ??????? (1964) * ???????? (1964) * ????????? (1966) * ???? (1968) * ???? (1968) * ????? (1969) ???????? (1969) *
??? 1970	??????? (1970) * ??????? (1972) * ???????? (1973) ‡* ????? (????? 1973) ????? (?????? 1973) * ???? (1975) * ??????? (1975) * ??????? (1975) ????????? (1976) * ??????? (1976) * ??????? (1978) * ????????? (1979) *
??? 1980	??????? (1980) * ????????? (1982) ????????? (1983) ????? (????? 1988) * ????? (?????? 1988) * ????? (1989) ^× ???? (1989) ???????? (1989) *
??? 1990	????? (1991) * ??????? (1992) ???? (1992) ‡* ????????? (1993) ‡
??? 2000	??????? (2000) ??????? (2002) ????? (2004) * ??????? (2009) *
??? 2010	??????? (2010) * ??????? (2017) ‡
??? 2020	????????? (2020) ‡ ???????? ??????? (2021) ^‡
* ?????? ????? ‡ ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????