??? ???????

??????? ????
??? ???? ??	???
???? ??	??? ?????????????
???? ??? ?? ?????	??? ??????? ; ??? ????????

????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ( ??????????? : Electromagnetic field )? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? . ^[1]^[2]^[3]

?????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? :

{\vec {F_{B}}}=q.{\vec {v}}\times {\vec {B}}

????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????:

{\vec {F_{e}}}=q.{\vec {E}}

????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? .

?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????: ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????.

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?????? -?? ??????? ??????????- ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? (????? ?????? ???????)? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? . ^[4]

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?????????????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? -????????? ?? ??? ??????- ????? ????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ≪??≫ ??????? ??????? ≪??≫ ?????????:

$E=\,hf$

??? ≪???≫: ???? ?????? ?≪??≫: ???? ???????.

??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? -?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???????- ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? (??? ?? ??? ????????) ?? ??? ??? ?????????. ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? (????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????) ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????.

????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? -???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????- ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????.

??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? (?????? ??????????????). ??? ??? 1820 ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1831 ?? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1864 ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????. ^[5]^[6]

????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????.

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????: ??? ????? ?????? ?????????

(E (x, y, z, t)))? ??????? ?????????? (B (x, y, z, t))).

??? ??? ?????? ????????? (E) ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????????. ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? (B) ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? . ^[7]

?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????.

???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? (???????? ???????????????) ???????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????:

$\nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ={\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}$

$\nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0$

$\nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}$

$\nabla \times \mathbf {B} =\mu _{0}\mathbf {J} +\mu _{0}\varepsilon _{0}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}$

???:

? $\rho$ : ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????.

? $\epsilon _{0}$ : ?????? ??????.

? $\mu _{0}$ : ???????? ??????????? ??????.

? J : ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????.

??????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ????? ??????? (???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????) ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????????.

????? [ ??? ]

^ Spencer, James N.? ?????? (2010). Chemistry: Structure and Dynamics . John Wiley & Sons. ?. 78. ISBN : 9780470587119 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-01-13.
^ Richard Feynman (1970). The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol II . Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN : 978-0-201-02115-8 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-04-18. A "field" is any physical quantity which takes on different values at different points in space.
^ "NIOSH Fact Sheet: EMFs in the Workplace" . United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1996. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-06-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-08-31 .
^ Griffiths? David J. (1999). Introduction to Electrodynamics . Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Prentice Hall. ?. 364. ISBN : 0-13-805326-X . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-11. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ???? ( link )
^ Stauffer? Robert C. (1957). "Speculation and experiment in the background of Oersted's discovery of electromagnetism" . Isis . ?. 48: 33?50. DOI : 10.1086/348537 . JSTOR : 226900 .
^ Maxwell 1864 5, page 499; also ?????? ??? ??????? (1999), Introduction to electrodynamics, third Edition, ed. Prentice Hall, pp. 559-562"(as quoted in Gabriela, 2009)
^ Electromagnetic Fields (2nd Edition), Roald K. Wangsness, Wiley, 1986. ( ???? 0-471-81186-6 ) (intermediate level textbook)

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ??? ???????

????? ????????

[1] Spencer, James N.? ?????? (2010). Chemistry: Structure and Dynamics . John Wiley & Sons. ?. 78. ISBN : 9780470587119 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-01-13.

[2] Richard Feynman (1970). The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol II . Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN : 978-0-201-02115-8 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-04-18. A "field" is any physical quantity which takes on different values at different points in space.

[3] "NIOSH Fact Sheet: EMFs in the Workplace" . United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1996. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-06-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-08-31 .

[4] Griffiths? David J. (1999). Introduction to Electrodynamics . Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Prentice Hall. ?. 364. ISBN : 0-13-805326-X . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-11. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ????? ?????????: ???? ( link )

[5] Stauffer? Robert C. (1957). "Speculation and experiment in the background of Oersted's discovery of electromagnetism" . Isis . ?. 48: 33?50. DOI : 10.1086/348537 . JSTOR : 226900 .

[6] Maxwell 1864 5, page 499; also ?????? ??? ??????? (1999), Introduction to electrodynamics, third Edition, ed. Prentice Hall, pp. 559-562"(as quoted in Gabriela, 2009)

[7] Electromagnetic Fields (2nd Edition), Roald K. Wangsness, Wiley, 1986. ( ???? 0-471-81186-6 ) (intermediate level textbook)

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