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5311 عدل القيمة على Wikidata

????? - ????? ????? - ????? ???? ?????? حول القالب

????? ??????? ?? Le Bon Marche ?? ?????

?????? ???????? [1] ?? ?????? ?????? [2] ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? (≪???≫) ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? (?? ??????? )? ?? ????? (?? ??? ??????) ???????? (???????). [3]

?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???: ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????.

??? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??? 2010.  

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ? ?????? ? ??????

?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????:

  • ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ? ?????????? ? JC Penney?? ?? ???? ????? ????? . [4]
    • ???? ???? ????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????. [5] [6] ??? ???? ????? ?????? & ?????
  • ???? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??? 5th ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? . [7]

?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????:

  • ????? ??????? ????? (??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ) [8]
  • ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????

????? [ ??? ]

???????? (???? ???? ? ??? ????) ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ≪??? ????≫. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? 1838? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? 21 ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? 1849 ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? 1952. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? 2002? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? 1849? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????.

???? ?? ???????? 1700 [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? (???? ?????? ?????????) ?? ??? 1734. [9] ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 1796 ?? ??? ???? ????. [10] ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1809 ??? ????? ??????:

???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????. ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????. ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????. ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? Ormolu ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. [11]

???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1820 ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. [12] ???? ??????? (???????? ?????? ???? Kendal Milne & Faulkner) ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? Kendal ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? 2005 ??? House of Fraser. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? 1836 ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? 1796. [13] ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? Deansgate ?????? ???? ??? ????? "Kendals Arcade" ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ≪?????? ??????≫? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1919. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? 1834? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? 1894 ? 1905. ?????? ???? Liberty & Co. ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????. [14]

???? ?? ??????? ????????? de nouveautes [ ??? ]

?? ??? ??????

????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? magasin de nouveautes ? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? 1784. [15] ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? . ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????. [16]

?? ????? ???? ???? ???? Au Bon Marche ?? ????? ??? 1838 ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ??? ?? 300 ??? ???? (3,200 ??? 2 ) ? 12 ?????? ?? ??? 1838 ??? 50,000 ??? ???? (540,000 ??? 2 ) ? 1,788 ?????? ?? ??? 1879. ????? Boucicaut ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? 1880 ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. [17]

????? ?? ??? ??? Au Bon Marche ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??? Printemps ? ???? ????? ??? 1865 ? La Samaritaine (1869)? Bazaar de Hotel de Ville ( BHV )? ??????? ??????? (1895). [16] [18] ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????. [19] ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? (1840-1902) ?????? Au Bonheur des Dames (1882-1883) ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????. [20]

??????? ????????? ?????? (1825?1858) [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ??? 1825 ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ?? ??? 1857 ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ???????? ??? Arnold Constable ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? 1869 ? ???? ≪??? ???????≫ ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? 1914. ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1975. [21]

?? ????? ??????? ??? 1846? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ≪??? ??????≫ ?? ??????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ????. ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ≪?????? ???????≫ ????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ?? ??? 1862? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????. ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? (???? ?? ??? ???? ??????) ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. [22] ?? ??? 1858? ??? ?????? ???? ???? Macy's ????? ??????? ??????.

???????? 1850-1917 [ ??? ]

???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? "?????? ??????" ????? ??? 1910

???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1852. ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????. [23] ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????????. [ ????? ????? ] ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? . [ ????? ????? ] ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????. [ ????? ????? ] ???? ????? ?? ????? ≪????? ??????≫. ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ????? ???? ????? ≪???????≫ ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ≪??? ??????≫ ?? ???? ??????. [24]

?? ??? 1877? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ≪????≫ ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????: ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? (1878) ??????? (1879) ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? (1880) ??? ??????? ??????. [25]

???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ???????? (1936)? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????.
????????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ? 1944

??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? 1909 ?? ???? ??????? . ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ????????. ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ≪??????????≫ ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. - ??????? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ? ??? ???????. [26] ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ? ?? ??? 1909? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? (??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ) ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1925.

??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????-?? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????. Echigoya ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? Echigo ??????? . ??? ??? Mitsukoshi ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????.

?? ??????? ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ≪???? ??????≫ ????????? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? 1904 ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? 1673. ??? ??? ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? 1611. ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1910. ?? ??? 1924? ??? ???? Matsuzakaya ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????. [27] ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ? ?? ????? ?? ??? ? ????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. Seibu ? Hankyu ????? ??????? ???? ?????.

???????? (1917-1945) [ ??? ]

?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? FW Taylor ????????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ?????? (IMI) ?? ???? ??? 1927 ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1928 ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????????.

?????? ?? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

 

  1. ^ ???? ???????? ? ???? ???????? (2008). ?????? ??????: ????? ??????? ???? (???????? ???????????) (?. 1). ?????: ??? ????? ???????? . ?. 331. ISBN : 978-9953-63-541-5 . OCLC : 405515532 . OL : 50197876M . QID : Q112315598 .
  2. ^ ???? ????????? ???????? (???????? ???????????). ??????: ???? ???????? (?. 2). ??????: ????? ??????? ???????? . 2013. ?. 42. ISBN : 978-603-8136-00-3 . QID : Q121359340 . {{ ??????? ????? }} : ????? ?????????: ????? ( link )
  3. ^ Gunther Barth, "The Department Store," in City People: The Rise of Modern City Culture in Nineteenth-Century America. (Oxford University Press, 1980) pp 110?47,
  4. ^ "Off Price Is The New Black For Retailers" . Investor's Business Daily. 8 ?????? 2015. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-10-09.
  5. ^ McKeever? James Ross (1977). Shopping Center Development Handbook . University of Michigan. ?. 81. ISBN : 9780874205763 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-12-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-07-02 .
  6. ^ Moriarty, Jr.? John (12 ????? 1981). "Change in Philosophy, Direction Is Behind McCain's Move to Mall" . The Post-Crescent ( ?????? ). ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-07-02 .
  7. ^ "Off Price Is The New Black For Retailers" . finance.yahoo.com (??????????? ?????????). Archived from the original on 2021-10-09 . Retrieved 2021-08-29 .
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  10. ^ "Regency England shopping arcades exchanges and bazaars" . hibiscus-sinensis.com . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-11-14.
  11. ^ Ackermann? Rudolph (3 ????? 1809). "The Repository of arts, literature, commerce, manufactures, fashions and politics" . London : Published by R. Ackermann ... Sherwood & Co. and Walker & Co. ... and Simpkin & Marshall ... ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-02-24.
  12. ^ Alison Adburgham, Shops and Shopping, 1880?1914: Where and in What Matter the Well-Dressed Englishwoman Bought Her Clothes (2nd ed. 1981)
  13. ^ Parkinson-Bailey? John (2000). Manchester an architectural history . Manchester: Manchester University Press. ?.  80 ?81. ISBN : 0-7190-5606-3 .
  14. ^ Iarocci, L., Visual Merchandising: The Image of Selling , Ashgate Publishing, 2013, p. 128
  15. ^ "Discovery, Invention and Innovation"? Informational Society ? Springer US? 1993? ?. 1?31? DOI : 10.1007/978-0-585-32028-1_1 ? ISBN : 9780792393030
  16. ^ ? ? Fierro? Alfred (1996). Histoire et Dictionnaire de Paris . ?. 911?912.
  17. ^ Jan Whitaker (2011). The World of Department Stores . New York: Vendome Press. ?. 22. ISBN : 978-0-86565-264-4 .
  18. ^ Miller? Michael B. (1981). The Bon Marche: Bourgeois Culture and the Department Store, 1869?1920 . London: Allen & Unwin. ISBN : 0-04-330316-1 .
  19. ^ Homburg? Heidrun (1992). "Warenhausunternehmen und ihre Grunder in Frankreich und Deutschland Oder: Eine Diskrete Elite und Mancherlei Mythen" [Department store firms and their founders in France and Germany, or: a discreet elite and various myths]. Jahrbuch fur Wirtschaftsgeschichte . ?. 33 ?. 1: 183?219. DOI : 10.1524/jbwg.1992.33.1.185 .
  20. ^ Amelinckx? Frans C. (1995). "The Creation of Consumer Society in Zola's Ladies' Paradise". Proceedings of the Western Society for French History . ?. 22: 17?21.
  21. ^ "The Arnold Constable & Company Buildings" May 16, 2013 ???? ?????? 2019-09-19 ?? Wayback Machine
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  23. ^ Lloyd Wendt and Herman Kogan, Give the Lady What She Wants: The Story of Marshall Field & Company (1952)
  24. ^ Wendt and Kogan, Give the Lady What She Wants: The Story of Marshall Field & Company (1952)
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????? ?????? [ ??? ]

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????? ?????? [ ??? ]

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