?????? ????

?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? (???????????: red clump) ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????-???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? . ^[1]^[2]^[3] ??? ???????? ?????? RC ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? 2 ???? ????? (?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????) . ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ≪???? ????? ???????≫ ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? . ????? ???? ????????? ????? RC ??????? ?? ???????? . ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? .

???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? . ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? . ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? RG ? ??? ?? ????? .

?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? 1 ???? ????? ??????? ????? ? 1 ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? . ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? 4 ??????? ??? ? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????.

????? ???? ???? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? . ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? 15 ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? : ????? ???? ???? BSG? ?? ≪????? ???? ????≫ YSG? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? RSG.

???? ???? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

^ Girardi? Leo (1999). "A secondary clump of red giant stars: Why and where". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . ?. 308 ?. 3: 818. arXiv : astro-ph/9901319 . Bibcode : 1999MNRAS.308..818G . DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02746.x .
^ Ayres? Thomas R.? Simon? Theodore? Stern? Robert A.? Drake? Stephen A.? Wood? Brian E.? Brown? Alexander (1998). "The Coronae of Moderate-Mass Giants in the Hertzsprung Gap and the Clump". The Astrophysical Journal . ?. 496: 428. Bibcode : 1998ApJ...496..428A . DOI : 10.1086/305347 .
^ Groenewegen? M. A. T. (2008). "The red clump absolute magnitude based on revised Hipparcos parallaxes". Astronomy and Astrophysics . ?. 488 ?. 3: 935. arXiv : 0807.2764 . Bibcode : 2008A&A...488..935G . DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:200810201 .

[1] Girardi? Leo (1999). "A secondary clump of red giant stars: Why and where". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . ?. 308 ?. 3: 818. arXiv : astro-ph/9901319 . Bibcode : 1999MNRAS.308..818G . DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02746.x .

[2] Ayres? Thomas R.? Simon? Theodore? Stern? Robert A.? Drake? Stephen A.? Wood? Brian E.? Brown? Alexander (1998). "The Coronae of Moderate-Mass Giants in the Hertzsprung Gap and the Clump". The Astrophysical Journal . ?. 496: 428. Bibcode : 1998ApJ...496..428A . DOI : 10.1086/305347 .

[3] Groenewegen? M. A. T. (2008). "The red clump absolute magnitude based on revised Hipparcos parallaxes". Astronomy and Astrophysics . ?. 488 ?. 3: 935. arXiv : 0807.2764 . Bibcode : 2008A&A...488..935G . DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:200810201 .

[1]

[2]

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