???? ??? ????

???? ??? ????
??????? ?????
???????	26 ????? 1883
??????	8 ????? 1972 (88 ???) ; ????????
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?????? ???????
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	????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ‏
	????? ????? - ?????

???? ???? ??? ??? ???? (26 ????? 1883 ? 8 ????? 1972) ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? . ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? .

???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? . ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? . ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? 30 ?????? ????? ?? ??? 1916. ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????.

????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ( ???? ?????? )? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????. ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? 1948? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? . ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ??? 1972 ?? ??? ????? 88.

?????? ??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? . ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????????? (?????? ??? 60 ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????). ^[4]^[5]^[4]

???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????. ^[6]

????? ???? ??? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? 1907? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1910 ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ??????? 1,500 ????? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? 1910 ?1915. ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????: ?????? ?????? ?????????? (1913)? ? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? (1913)? ? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? (1914). ^[7]

??? ??? 1916? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ≪?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????≫. ^[4]

??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? 1916 ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????. ^[8]

???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? 1915. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ^[9] ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? 1915 ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???. ?????. ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? 1914 ??? 1917. ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? (???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????) ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ≪??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????≫. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ^[10]^[11]

????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???????? ??????? ??? 1917 ?? ????? ???????? ?????? . ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ≪????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????≫. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ^[12] ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ≪???? ?????≫ ??????: ≪???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????≫. ^[13]

????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? 31 ?????. ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? 1918 ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ^[14]

??? ?????? 1918? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? . ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? 1938? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? 1920. ??? 14 ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ^[15]^[16]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? Encyclopædia Britannica | Mary Abby van Kleeck (???????????), QID : Q5375741
^ ^? ^? FemBio-Datenbank | Mary Abby Van Kleeck (?????????? ???????????), QID : Q61356138
^ ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ? 1986? QID : Q98760027
^ ^? ^? ^? Alchon? Guy (1998). "The "Self-Applauding Sincerity" of Overreaching Theory, Biography as Ethical Practice, and the Case of Mary van Kleeck". ?? Silverberg? Helene (??????). Gender and American Social Science: the Formative Years . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ?. 293?326. ISBN : 978-0-691-01749-5 . OCLC : 37806197 .
^ Alchon? Guy (1999). " "The World We Seek As Christians": Mary van Kleeck, Philanthropy, and Early Social Science Initiatives" . ?? Richardson? Theresa R? Fisher? Donald (????????). The Development of the Social Sciences in the United States and Canada: the Role of Philanthropy . Ablex Pub. Corp. ?. 62 . ISBN : 978-1-56750-405-7 . OCLC : 39300048 .
^ "Sophia Smith Collection: Mary van Kleeck Papers, 1849?1998" . Five College Archives and Manuscript Collections . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-06-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-06-21 .
^ Reef? Catherine (2007). Working in America . Facts On File. ?. 410 . ISBN : 978-1-4381-0814-8 . OCLC : 234178110 .
^ O'Connor, Alice (2007). Social Science for What?: Philanthropy and the Social Question in a World Turned Rightside Up (???????????). Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 40?47. ISBN : 978-1-61044-430-9 . Archived from the original on 2021-06-01 . Retrieved 2020-11-01 .
^ Alchon? Guy (1992). "Mary Van Kleeck and Scientific Management" (PDF) . ?? Nelson? Daniel (??????). A Mental Revolution: Scientific Management since Taylor . Ohio State University Press. ?. 102?129. ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-06-21 .
^ "Mary Abby Van Kleeck | A Biographical Dictionary of Women Economists" . search.credoreference.com (???????????). Credo Reference. Archived from the original on 2021-06-01 . Retrieved 2018-12-03 . ( ??????? ????? )
^ Sicherman, Barbara; Green, Carol Hurd (1980). Notable American Women: The Modern Period: a Biographical Dictionary (???????????). Harvard University Press. pp. 707 ?709. ISBN : 978-0-674-62733-8 . Archived from the original on 2019-12-17 . Retrieved 2020-02-24 . mary van kleeck.
^ "United States Women's Bureau: United States Federal Agency" . Encyclopedia Britannica (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-09-05 . Retrieved 2019-09-05 .
^ "Uncurrent Events: The Woman-Power Behind the "Woman in Industry Service" " . Inside FRASER (??????????? ?????????). St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank of the United States. 4 Mar 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-08-16 . Retrieved 2019-09-05 .
^ Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States (1942). Handbook of labor statistics (???????????). U.S. G.P.O. pp. 522?535. Archived from the original on 2021-06-01 . Retrieved 2020-11-01 .
^ Hendrickson, Mark (2013). American Labor and Economic Citizenship: New Capitalism from World War I to the Great Depression . New York: Cambridge University Press. ?. 199. ISBN : 978-1-107-34192-0 . OCLC : 852158215 .
^ Creel? George (18 ?????? 1918). "U.S. Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 466" (PDF) . World War I Centennial . ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-21.

???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[wikidata-923a049cf2d765f1e86ed8b527ece27f49cec6fb-1] ? ^? Encyclopædia Britannica | Mary Abby van Kleeck (???????????), QID : Q5375741

[wikidata-e79fd747cd3faad08879a38a868a2ce5a481f167-2] ? ^? FemBio-Datenbank | Mary Abby Van Kleeck (?????????? ???????????), QID : Q61356138

[wikidata-364f8e05b43fd1a82bf3fa03ea9834b2ad2cd73e-3] ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ? 1986? QID : Q98760027

[:10-4] ? ^? ^? Alchon? Guy (1998). "The "Self-Applauding Sincerity" of Overreaching Theory, Biography as Ethical Practice, and the Case of Mary van Kleeck". ?? Silverberg? Helene (??????). Gender and American Social Science: the Formative Years . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ?. 293?326. ISBN : 978-0-691-01749-5 . OCLC : 37806197 .

[:11-5] Alchon? Guy (1999). " "The World We Seek As Christians": Mary van Kleeck, Philanthropy, and Early Social Science Initiatives" . ?? Richardson? Theresa R? Fisher? Donald (????????). The Development of the Social Sciences in the United States and Canada: the Role of Philanthropy . Ablex Pub. Corp. ?. 62 . ISBN : 978-1-56750-405-7 . OCLC : 39300048 .

[Papers2-6] "Sophia Smith Collection: Mary van Kleeck Papers, 1849?1998" . Five College Archives and Manuscript Collections . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-06-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-06-21 .

[7] Reef? Catherine (2007). Working in America . Facts On File. ?. 410 . ISBN : 978-1-4381-0814-8 . OCLC : 234178110 .

[8] O'Connor, Alice (2007). Social Science for What?: Philanthropy and the Social Question in a World Turned Rightside Up (???????????). Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 40?47. ISBN : 978-1-61044-430-9 . Archived from the original on 2021-06-01 . Retrieved 2020-11-01 .

[Alchon-9] Alchon? Guy (1992). "Mary Van Kleeck and Scientific Management" (PDF) . ?? Nelson? Daniel (??????). A Mental Revolution: Scientific Management since Taylor . Ohio State University Press. ?. 102?129. ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-06-21 .

[:14-10] "Mary Abby Van Kleeck | A Biographical Dictionary of Women Economists" . search.credoreference.com (???????????). Credo Reference. Archived from the original on 2021-06-01 . Retrieved 2018-12-03 . ( ??????? ????? )

[:7-11] Sicherman, Barbara; Green, Carol Hurd (1980). Notable American Women: The Modern Period: a Biographical Dictionary (???????????). Harvard University Press. pp. 707 ?709. ISBN : 978-0-674-62733-8 . Archived from the original on 2019-12-17 . Retrieved 2020-02-24 . mary van kleeck.

[12] "United States Women's Bureau: United States Federal Agency" . Encyclopedia Britannica (???????????). Archived from the original on 2019-09-05 . Retrieved 2019-09-05 .

[:6-13] "Uncurrent Events: The Woman-Power Behind the "Woman in Industry Service" " . Inside FRASER (??????????? ?????????). St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank of the United States. 4 Mar 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-08-16 . Retrieved 2019-09-05 .

[14] Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States (1942). Handbook of labor statistics (???????????). U.S. G.P.O. pp. 522?535. Archived from the original on 2021-06-01 . Retrieved 2020-11-01 .

[15] Hendrickson, Mark (2013). American Labor and Economic Citizenship: New Capitalism from World War I to the Great Depression . New York: Cambridge University Press. ?. 199. ISBN : 978-1-107-34192-0 . OCLC : 852158215 .

[16] Creel? George (18 ?????? 1918). "U.S. Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 466" (PDF) . World War I Centennial . ????? (PDF) ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-21.

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