???? ??????? ?????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????

???? ??????? ????? ( ??????????? : Voiceless alveolar sibilant )?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ( s )? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ( s )? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ( ? ) ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ( s ).

????? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????:

  1. ???? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????.
  2. ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????.
  3. ????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????.
  4. ???? ?????? ? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???.
  5. ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????.
  6. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????.

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????
????? ???? [1] ?????? ‎ [?d?ælæs?] ‏ '???' ???? ????? ?????
?????? ? ?? [s??] ( ?????? · ??????? ) '???'
????? ????????? 閃 / s im2 ‎ [siːm??] ‏ '????'
???????? 三 / s ?n ‎ [san?] ‏ '?????'
???????? s and ‎ [sænd] ‏ '???'
?????? [2] fa c ade ‎ [fasad] ‏ '??'
?????? [3] ? ??? ‎ [?s?mi] ‏ '?????'
??????? Bi ss ‎ [b?s] ‏ '??'
??????? ???? ?????? [4] σ αν / s an ‎ [s?an] ‏ '???'
????? ??? ‎ [?sefe?] ‏ '????'
??????? [5] s ali ‎ [?sali] ‏ '????'
????? ????? s atu ‎ [satu] ‏ '????'
?????? iebe s ‎ [ea?bes] ‏ '???'
???????? [6] ca c o ‎ [?kasu] ‏ '?????'
????? [7] воло с ы ‎ [?vol?s?] ‏ '???' ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????
????? s u ‎ [su] ‏ '???'
???? ??? ‎ [saːl] ‏ '???'

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Thelwall (1990 :37)
  2. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993 :73)
  3. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006 :255)
  4. ^ Adams (1975 :283)
  5. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004 :117)
  6. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995 :91)
  7. ^ Jones & Ward (1969 :125)

????? ???? [ ??? ]

  • Adams? Douglas Q. (1975)? "The Distribution of Retracted Sibilants in Medieval Europe"? Language ? Linguistic Society of America? ?. 51? ?. 282?292? DOI : 10.2307/412855 ? JSTOR : 412855
  • Cruz-Ferreira? Madalena (1995)? "European Portuguese"? Journal of the International Phonetic Association ? ?. 25? ?. 90?94? DOI : 10.1017/S0025100300005223
  • Fougeron? Cecile? Smith? Caroline L (1993)? "Illustrations of the IPA:French"? Journal of the International Phonetic Association ? ?. 23? ?. 73?76? DOI : 10.1017/S0025100300004874
  • Gussenhoven? Carlos (1992)? "Dutch"? Journal of the International Phonetic Association ? ?. 22? ?. 45?47? DOI : 10.1017/S002510030000459X
  • Hickey? Raymond (1984)? "Coronal Segments in Irish English"? Journal of Linguistics ? ?. 20? ?. 233?250? DOI : 10.1017/S0022226700013876
  • Honeybone? P (2001)? "Lenition inhibition in Liverpool English"? English Language and Linguistics ? ?. 5? ?. 213?249
  • Jassem? Wiktor (2003)? "Polish"? Journal of the International Phonetic Association ? ?. 33? ?. 103?107? DOI : 10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jones? Daniel? Dennis? Ward (1969)? The Phonetics of Russian ? Cambridge University Press
  • Ladefoged? Peter (2005)? Vowels and Consonants (?. Second)? Blackwell
  • ????:SOWL
  • Maddieson? Ian (1984)? Patterns of sound ? Camebridge University Press
  • Marotta? Giovanna? Barth? Marlen (2005)? "Acoustic and sociolingustic aspects of lenition in Liverpool English" (PDF) ? Studi Linguistici e Filologici Online ? ?. 3? ?. 377?413? ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2018-04-22
  • Martinez-Celdran? Eugenio? Fernandez-Planas? Ana Ma.? Carrera-Sabate? Josefina (2003)? "Castilian Spanish" (PDF) ? Journal of the International Phonetic Association ? ?. 33? ?. 255?259? DOI : 10.1017/S0025100303001373 ? ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2010-06-02
  • Okada? Hideo (1991)? "Phonetic Representation:Japanese"? Journal of the International Phonetic Association ? ?. 21? ?. 94?97
  • Pandeli? H? Eska? J? Ball? Martin? Rahilly? J (1997)? "Problems of phonetic transcription: the case of the Hiberno-English slit-t"? Journal of the International Phonetic Association ? ?. 27? ?. 65?75? DOI : 10.1017/S0025100300005430 {{ ??????? }} : ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????: |?????= ( ?????? )
  • Rogers? Derek? d'Arcangeli? Luciana (2004)? "Italian"? Journal of the International Phonetic Association ? ?. 34? ?. 117?121? DOI : 10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Shosted? Ryan K.? Vakhtang? Chikovani (2006)? "Standard Georgian"? Journal of the International Phonetic Association ? ?. 36? ?. 255?264? DOI : 10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Thelwall? Robin (1990)? "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic"? Journal of the International Phonetic Association ? ?. 20? ?. 37?41
  • Thompson? Laurence (1959)? "Saigon phonemics"? Language ? ?. 35? ?. 454?476? DOI : 10.2307/411232 ? JSTOR : 411232

???? ????? [ ??? ]

أيقونة بذرة

??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ???????.

?????? ?? ≪ https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=????_???????_?????&oldid=64299802 ≫