???? ????

??????? ????
????? ????	???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????
?????	??? ????? (?????? ???? ?? ??????)
??????????-????	321.322-71 ; ( ???????? ???? ???? ????)
????? ???????	15?19 ?????
???? ????	??
??? ??????? ??? ???	???? ????? ; ???? ????? ; ????? ; ????? ????? ; ????? ????? ?????? ;

???????? ????????? ^[1]^[2]^[3] (?? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ? ?????????? : contrabass) ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? (?? ????????) ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ^[4] ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???????.

?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ^[5] ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? . ^[6] ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ? ?????? ? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? 1950? ?????????? ? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? .

????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? . ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ^[7] (??? ???? ????? )? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????: ?? ₁? ?? ₁? ?? ₂? ? ??? ₂.

?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? .

???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? (????)? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? (????????)? ?? ???????? ????? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????. ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???.

??? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? 180 ??????? (6 ?????) ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ^[8] ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ¹? ₂ ?? ³? ₄? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???. ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ⁴? ₄? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ¹? ₂ ??? ??? ??? ⁴? ₄? ?? ?? ???? ????? 15% ??????. ^[9] ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????.

????? ??????? ???????? (??? ????? ?? ????) ?? ?? ₁? ?? ₁? ?? ₂? ? ??? ₂? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? . ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????.

??????? [ ??? ]

^ (???????????) ????? ???? contrabass ?????????? ??? ???? ???? websters-online-dictionary.org. ???? ?????? 13 ????? 2008 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ???? ???????? . ?????? ? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ? 1995 .
^ ???? ??? ????? (1964)? ???? ???????? ??????? (???????? ???????????)? ?????: ????? ??????? ???????? ? ?. 192? OCLC : 21502412 ? QID : Q117200244
^ Slatford? Rodney? Shipton? Alyn (2001). "Double bass" . Oxford Music Online: Grove Music Online . DOI : 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.46437 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-12-06 .
^ The Orchestra: A User's Manual ???? ?????? 29 December 2011 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ., Andrew Hugill with the Philharmonia Orchestra
^ Alfred Planyavsky , Chamber Music in the Vienna Double Bass Archive ^{[
???? ??????
]}; Archived link on 25 March 2012 ???? ?????? 30 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "Archived copy" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-01-30 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )
^ Double Bass Sizing FAQ , Bob Gollihur ???? ?????? 27 ?????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "Bass Sizes" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-06.

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???? ????

????? ??????

[وبستر-1] (???????????) ????? ???? contrabass ?????????? ??? ???? ???? websters-online-dictionary.org. ???? ?????? 13 ????? 2008 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[2] ???? ???????? . ?????? ? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ? 1995 .

[3] ???? ??? ????? (1964)? ???? ???????? ??????? (???????? ???????????)? ?????: ????? ??????? ???????? ? ?. 192? OCLC : 21502412 ? QID : Q117200244

[4] Slatford? Rodney? Shipton? Alyn (2001). "Double bass" . Oxford Music Online: Grove Music Online . DOI : 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.46437 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2019-12-06 .

[guide-5] The Orchestra: A User's Manual ???? ?????? 29 December 2011 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ., Andrew Hugill with the Philharmonia Orchestra

[chamber-6] Alfred Planyavsky , Chamber Music in the Vienna Double Bass Archive ^{[
???? ??????
]}; Archived link on 25 March 2012 ???? ?????? 30 ????? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[7] "Archived copy" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-01-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-01-30 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????????: ??????? ?????? ( link )

[size-8] Double Bass Sizing FAQ , Bob Gollihur ???? ?????? 27 ?????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[9] "Bass Sizes" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-06.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

???? ??????

? ? ? ??? ???????
??? ?????	????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ( ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ) ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? 17 ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??
??? ??????	????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????
??? ??????	???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????
??? ???????	????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????
?????:??????