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???? ???? ( ????? ??????????: [?ka?l ?tsa?s] ) ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ? ??????? ?? ??? 1846 ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? . ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? (???? 1866) ????? ??? (???? 1884) ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????.

???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? '?????? ????' ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ' ????? ???? ???? ' . ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? AG ?????? ???? ? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????. ^{[
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???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? 1846. ?????? ??? 1847 ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????. ??? 1861 ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? 20 ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????. ??? 1866 ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????????? ???1,000 th ??????. ?? ??? 1872 ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? 1888? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??1889.

???? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ^[4] ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? . ?? ??? 1928 ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? 1964., ^[5] ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? (??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????) ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? 2006.

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^ zeiss.de: Executive Board of Carl Zeiss AG ???? ?????? 10 ???? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? Slides of Press Conference for fiscal year 2010/11, October 1st, 2011 ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 14 ?????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ [1] (accessed 1 October 2011) ???? ?????? 09 ?????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Carl Zeiss?A History Of A Most Respected Name In Optics. ???? ?????? 27 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ 150 Years of Hensoldt ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 13 ?????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

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???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[1] zeiss.de: Executive Board of Carl Zeiss AG ???? ?????? 10 ???? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[zeisswpc0708-2] ? ^? Slides of Press Conference for fiscal year 2010/11, October 1st, 2011 ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 14 ?????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[zeissapc0708-3] [1] (accessed 1 October 2011) ???? ?????? 09 ?????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[4] Carl Zeiss?A History Of A Most Respected Name In Optics. ???? ?????? 27 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[5] 150 Years of Hensoldt ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 13 ?????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[1]

[2]

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[4]

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