????? ?????? ?? ????????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
???? ???? ??? ?? ???????.

????? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? [1] ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????. [2] ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. [3] ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? 47 ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. [4] ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? 2011 ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????. ?? 26 ?????? 2017 ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? 10 ???? 1439 ?? ??????? 24 ????? 2018 ? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????. [5] [6] [7] ? ??? 21 ????? 1439?? ??????? 4 ????? 2018? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. [8]

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? 1990 [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ??????? ????? ??????

?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? 1990 [9] ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????. [10] ??? ?? 6 ?????? 1990? [11] [12] ????? 17 ????? ???? 47 ????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? [3] ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ≪????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????≫. [13]

???? 2011 [ ??? ]

??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????.

????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? 17 ????? 2011 ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ≪????? ?????? ?????≫. [14] ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 20 ???? ????? ???? ?? 600,000 ???. [15] ???? ?????? ???? ??? 21 ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? [16] ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?≪????? ??????≫? [17] ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? [18] ?????? ????? ???? [19] ??? ????? ??????. ????? ???????? 10 ???? [3] ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????. [20]

?? 26 ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. [21] ??? ??? 10 ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????. [22]

?? 17 ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???. [23] [24] ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? [25] ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????. [2] [23] [24]

?? 28 ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? 5 ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? [26] ??? 24 ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????. [27]

???? 2013 [ ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? 26 ?????? 2013 ? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? 26 ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? 31 ??????. [28]

?????? 2014 [ ??? ]

?? 30 ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? 24 ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????. [29] ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????????. [30]

??? ????????? [ ??? ]

?????? 2 ?????? 2014 ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????. ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????.

??? ????? [ ??? ]

?? 6 ???? 1439 ?? ??????? 26 ?????? 2017 ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 10 ???? 1439 ?? ??????? 24 ????? 2018 . [5] [6]

??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? 21 ????? 1439?? ??????? 4 ????? 2018? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ≪?????≫? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. [31]

???? ???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. [32] ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? . [33] [34] ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????. [35] ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? " ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ". [36] ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????: ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ". [37] ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? . [38] ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? 13 ????? 2008 ≪?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????.≫ [39]
???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? . [40]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ Laura Bashraheel (27 ????? 2009). "Women's transport: Solutions needed" . ??? ???? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-04-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-07-12 .
  2. ^ ? ? "Saudi Arabia women test driving ban" . ?? ??????? . 17 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-04-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-22 .
  3. ^ ? ? ? "Saudi Activism Accelerates as Women Dare to Drive" . Wall Street Journal. 18 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-04-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-23 .
  4. ^ ??????? ????. "????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????" . ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-03-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-09-28 .
  5. ^ ? ? "??? / ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????" . www.spa.gov.sa . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-18 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-09-26 .
  6. ^ ? ? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? 26 ?????? 2017 ???? ?????? 14 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  7. ^ "????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????" . www.alarabiya.net . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2017-09-26 .
  8. ^ "???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-30.
  9. ^ "Saudi women defy ban to take driver's seat" . ??????? ?????????? . 17 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-10-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-23 .
  10. ^ "YouTube Saudi woman driver faces further 10-day jail term" . ?? ??????? . 26 ???? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-05-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-23 .
  11. ^ "Saudi women recall a day of driving" . The Christian Science Monitor. 7 ?????? 2005. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-07-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-23 .
  12. ^ ????? ????? ??????? (16 ????? 2011). "?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-10-29 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-23 .
  13. ^ "Saudi Arabia: A New Day of Reckoning" . American Bedu. 18 ???? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-07-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-23 .
  14. ^ "?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ...≪????? ?????? ?????≫" . ????? ?????? . 18 ???? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-04-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-26 .
  15. ^ al-Huwaider? Wajeha (23 ???? 2011). "The Saudi woman who took to the driver's seat" . ????? 24 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-05-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-05-23 .
  16. ^ "???? ?????? ?? ???? ≪??????≫... ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????" . ????? ?????? . 22 ???? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-06-21 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-23 .
  17. ^ "??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? "??????? ??????? ?????" " . ????? ????? . 22 ???? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-02-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-23 .
  18. ^ "????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????" . ????? ????? ??????? . 24 ???? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-03-14 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-23 .
  19. ^ "????????: ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????" . ????? ????? ???? . 23 ???? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2014-01-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-23 .
  20. ^ "????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????" . ????? ????? . 31 ???? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-04-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-23 .
  21. ^ "?????? ???? ?? ?????????: ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????" . ????? ?????? . 27 ???? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-05-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-23 .
  22. ^ "??????: 4 ???? ??? ≪????≫ 3 ??????... ??????? ≪???????? ???≫!" . ????? ?????? . 10 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-08-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-26 .
  23. ^ ? ? "Saudi Women Driving Ban Challenged" . ????????? ???? . 17 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-23 .
  24. ^ ? ? "Saudi Women Defy Driving Ban" . ??????? ????? . 17 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-03-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-23 .
  25. ^ " "??? ???????" ????? ???? "????? ?????? ???????" ?? ????????" . ????? ??? . 17 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-09-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-23 .
  26. ^ "Saudi Religious Police Detained 5 Women for Driving, Group Reports" . ??????? ????? . 28 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-12-05 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-26 .
  27. ^ "????? ???? ?? ???? "????? ??????" " . ????? ????? . 25 ????? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-26 .
  28. ^ ???? ????? ?????? ???????? 26 ?????? 2013 ? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? 26 ?????? 2013. ???? ?????? 15 ?????? 2013 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  29. ^ One brave woman's protest against Saudi Arabia female driving ban: Activist 'held by police' after spending 24 hours at border demanding that she be allowed to drive across ? sparking protests across Arab world - The daily mail ???? ?????? 26 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  30. ^ ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? 24 ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? - France24 ???? ?????? 17 ????? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  31. ^ "????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????? - ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-06-30.
  32. ^ "Saudi women launch bid to defy driving ban" . ??????? ?????????? . 17 ???? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-09-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-22 .
  33. ^ ??? ?????? ?? ??? . "??? ????? ?????? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-22 .
  34. ^ ??? ?????? ?? ??? . "????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-12-07 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-22 .
  35. ^ "??????: ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????: ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????" . ????? ??????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-03-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-22 .
  36. ^ "????? ?????? ???????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2011-08-23 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-22 .
  37. ^ ???? ?? ?????? . "????? ??? 1412??" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-10-20 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-22 .
  38. ^ "????????: ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? .. ????????: ???? ?? ???? .. ???????: ?????? ?? ??????" . ????? ???? . 31 ???? 2011. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-04-27 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-08-22 .
  39. ^ ????? ???? ??? ????? - ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? 2020-10-09 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  40. ^ "???? ???????" ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? , ??? ?? 26 ?????? 2017 ???? ?? 29 ?????? 2017. ???? ?????? 30 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
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